TABLE 2

10-year estimates of pollution exposure and risk of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) given as the odds ratio (OR) per concentration increment of the given pollutant

Parameter	Pollutant
	PM_2.5 (OR per 5 μg·m⁻³)	p-value	NO_x (OR per 40 ppb)	p-value	NO₂ (OR per 10 ppb)	p-value	O₃ (OR per 10 ppb)	p-value
Overall	1.43 (0.81 to 2.54)	0.22	1.77 (1.06 to 2.95)	0.03	1.28 (0.90 to 1.82)	0.16	0.63 (0.31 to 1.28)	0.20
Sex		0.33		0.33		0.29		0.46
Female	1.15 (0.54 to 2.44)		1.55 (0.79 to 3.05)		1.27 (0.80 to 2.01)		0.62 (0.24 to 1.57)
Male	1.96 (0.82 to 4.66)		2.08 (0.94 to 4.58)		1.31 (0.75 to 2.28)		0.60 (0.20 to 1.83)
Ethnicity		0.70		0.79		0.78		0.95
White	1.37 (0.61 to 3.08)		1.84 (0.77 to 4.41)		1.29 (0.75 to 2.20)		0.51 (0.19 to 1.41)
Asian	6.79 (0.85 to 54.0)		2.93 (0.69 to 12.5)		1.82 (0.71 to 4.64)		1.72 (0.18 to 16.2)
Black	0.84 (0.22 to 3.16)		1.03 (0.38 to 2.78)		0.69 (0.35 to 1.38)		0.97 (0.25 to 3.82)
Hispanic	1.24 (0.32 to 4.84)		2.33 (0.70 to 7.73)		1.89 (0.75 to 4.80)		0.23 (0.03 to 1.93)
Tobacco use		0.08		0.19		0.28		0.03
Never-smoker	1.74 (0.73 to 4.16)		2.89 (1.35 to 6.16)		2.08 (1.17 to 3.69)		0.30 (0.10 to 0.93)
Ever-smoker	1.04 (0.40 to 2.76)		1.05 (0.45 to 2.43)		0.81 (0.46 to 1.43)		1.44 (0.52 to 4.01)

Data are presented as mean (95% CI) unless otherwise stated. Cross-sectional association of pollutants (particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm (PM_2.5; fine particulate matter), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃)) with the odds of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) from multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, tobacco use (current smoking status and pack-years) and study site. The p-values for sex, ethnicity and tobacco use are for the multiplicative interaction between these variables and each pollutant. The p-values in the "Overall" row are for the association between the pollutant and the ILA.