Median relative abundance of selected infant gut microbiota at 3–4 months, by maternal prenatal asthma, stratified by infant sex and maternal comorbid conditions during pregnancy
| Female infants | Male infants | |||||
| No Asthma | Asthma | Crude p-value | No Asthma | Asthma | Crude p-value | |
| Maternal allergies during pregnancy¶ | ||||||
| Subjects n | 185 | 30 | 244 | 34 | ||
| Bacteroidetes | 15.1 (0.09–57.6) | 57.2 (2.8–76.8) | 0.02# | 10.1 (0.1–57.6) | 3.0 (0.09–69.5) | |
| Bacteroidaceae | 9.8 (0.07–53.0) | 38.9 (2.8–72.9) | 0.03# | 7.9 (0.08–53.5) | 1.8 (0.09–54.5) | |
| Firmicutes | 21.6 (10.6–45.9) | 16.5 (7.4–31.3) | 22.7 (9.9–43.7) | 24.0 (9.7–37.8) | ||
| Lactobacillaceae+ | 0.002 (0.0–0.03) | 0.001 (0.0–0.01) | 0.002 (0.0–0.05) | 0.0005 (0.0–0.004) | 0.03# | |
| Lactobacillus+ | 0.002 (0.0–0.03) | 0.001 (0.0–0.01) | 0.002 (0.0–0.05) | 0.0005 (0.0–0.004) | 0.03# | |
| Veillonellaceae | 4.0 (0.9–17.0) | 2.7 (1.1–15.3) | 3.8 (0.5–14.8) | 5.4 (0.6–13.2) | ||
| Megasphaera | 0.002 (0.0–0.009) | 0.0005 (0.0–0.002) | 0.02# | 0.001 (0.0–0.005) | 0.0005 (0.0–0.003) | |
| Proteobacteria | 17.4 (8.5–40.9) | 13.2 (8.2–31.7) | 20.4 (8.5–40.9) | 15.4 (6.9–34.0) | ||
| Enterobacteriaceae | 15.6 (6.4–38.9) | 11.0 (5.5–20.3) | 18.3 (6.9–39.8) | 9.4 (4.0–21.8) | 0.05 | |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight¶ | ||||||
| Subjects n | 140 | 13 | 151 | 20 | ||
| Bacteroidetes | 8.7 (0.08–57.7) | 76.8 (35.4–78.5) | 0.001# | 29.9 (0.1–67.8) | 0.3 (0.07–41.1) | |
| Bacteroidaceae | 5.4 (0.06–53.6) | 51.9 (34.2–77.3) | 0.004# | 22.6 (0.09–58.0) | 0.2 (0.05–40.2) | |
| Firmicutes | 24.0 (12.3–48.7) | 7.4 (3.4–15.9) | 0.0008# | 17.7 (7.4–37.7) | 28.1 (9.0–55.8) | |
| Lactobacillaceae+ | 0.002 (0.0–0.04) | 0.001 (0.0–0.02) | 0.001 (0.0–0.04) | 0.0002 (0.0–0.001) | 0.03# | |
| Lactobacillus+ | 0.002 (0.0–0.04) | 0.001 (0.0–0.02) | 0.001 (0.0–0.04) | 0.0002 (0.0–0.001) | 0.03# | |
| Veillonellaceae | 5.5 (1.0–15.9) | 2.0 (0.2–6.2) | 0.05 | 3.1 (0.8–15.0) | 4.5 (0.9–11.3) | |
| Megasphaera | 0.001 (0.0–0.009) | 0.0004 (0.0–0.0009) | 0.08 | 0.001 (0.0–0.006) | 0.0005 (0.0–0.003) | 0.06 |
| Proteobacteria | 16.6 (7.1–37.4) | 9.1 (5.5–19.9) | 16.1 (5.5–39.1) | 20.0 (5.0–31.5) | ||
| Enterobacteriaceae | 15.3 (5.2–34.8) | 9.1 (1.9–16.5) | 14.1 (4.2–38.9) | 18.2 (2.5–25.1) | ||
Data are presented as median (interquartile range), unless otherwise stated. Comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to adjust p-values for multiple testing and crude p-values <FDR p-values are indicated with “#”. The p-values <0.1 are reported and p-values <0.05 are indicated in bold. ¶: restricted to Caucasian infants; +: comparison of Lactobacillus was the primary hypothesis.