Proportion of population | CBS | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Total# | 100 | 3.1 | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 52.5 | 2.6 | 1 | 0.001 |
Male | 47.5 | 3.6 | 1.35 (1.17–1.57) | |
Age years | ||||
40–49 | 36.5 | 2.2 | 1 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 31.1 | 3.2 | 1.49 (1.23–1.80) | |
60–69 | 20.4 | 3.6 | 1.64 (1.33–2.02) | |
≥70 | 12.0 | 4.3 | 2.01 (1.60–2.53) | |
Education years | ||||
>12 | 22.7 | 2.5 | 1 | 0.083 |
6–12 | 55.9 | 3.2 | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | |
<6 | 10.2 | 3.3 | 1.30 (0.98–1.71) | |
None | 11.2 | 3.3 | 1.30 (0.99–1.71) | |
Smoking status | ||||
Never-smoker | 59.8 | 1.8 | 1 | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 21.2 | 3.3 | 1.81 (1.48–2.20) | |
Current smoker | 19.0 | 6.7 | 3.81 (3.22–4.51) | |
Exposure to passive smoke | ||||
No | 78.5 | 2.8 | 1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 21.5 | 4.2 | 1.51 (1.28–1.78) | |
Dusty job | ||||
No (<1 year) | 66.2 | 2.4 | 1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 33.8 | 4.4 | 1.89 (1.63–2.19) | |
Occupational exposure to fumes | ||||
No | 90.7 | 3.0 | 1 | 0.035 |
Yes | 9.3 | 3.8 | 1.28 (1.02–1.62) | |
Biomass fuel use¶ | ||||
No | 34.9 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.539 |
Yes | 65.1 | 3.0 | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | |
Chronic airway obstruction§ | ||||
FEV1/FVC ≥LLN | 89.6 | 2.2 | 1 | <0.001 |
FEV1/FVC <LLN and FEV1 ≥80% pred | 3.0 | 4.8 | 2.20 (1.54–3.14) | |
FEV1/FVC <LLN and FEV1 50–80% pred | 5.3 | 10.1 | 4.93 (4.03–6.05) | |
FEV1/FVC <LLN and FEV1 30–50% pred | 1.8 | 16.9 | 8.92 (6.81–11.67) | |
FEV1/FVC <LLN and FEV1 <30% pred | 0.3 | 23.7 | 13.57 (7.93–23.12) | |
FVC | ||||
≥80% pred | 68.4 | 2.9 | 1 | 0.065 |
<80% pred | 31.6 | 3.4 | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | |
Asthma | ||||
No | 94.5 | 2.3 | 1 | <0.001 |
Yes | 5.5 | 15.7 | 7.89 (6.65–9.38) | |
Diagnosed heart disease | ||||
No | 92.1 | 2.3 | 1 | 0.035 |
Yes | 7.9 | 3.4 | 1.46 (1.03–2.08) | |
History of tuberculosis | ||||
No | 97.3 | 3.0 | 1 | 0.001 |
Yes | 2.7 | 5.3 | 1.81 (1.27–2.58) |
Data are presented as %, unless otherwise stated. CBS: chronic bronchitis symptoms; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; LLN: lower limit of normal; % pred: % predicted. #: n=23 855; ¶: self-reported use of coal, coke, wood, crop residues or dung for cooking or heating; §: post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC <LLN.