OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Male sex | 1.25 (0.91–1.71) | 0.163 |
Age per 10-year increase | 1.39 (1.22–1.58) | 0.001 |
Education per 1-year increase | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.031 |
Smoking status | ||
Past smoking | 1.12 (0.76–1.68) | 0.557 |
Current smoking | 2.74 (1.94–3.87) | 0.001 |
Exposure to passive smoke | 1.00 (0.71–1.40) | 0.995 |
Dusty job | 1.08 (0.83–1.46) | 0.606 |
Occupational exposure to fumes | 1.90 (1.24–2.92) | 0.003 |
Biomass fuel use | 0.52 (0.16–1.71) | 0.282 |
Current asthma (self-reported) | 7.9 (5.73–10.91) | 0.001 |
Diagnosed heart disease | 1.05 (0.70–1.57) | 0.818 |
Ever-diagnosed tuberculosis | 0.82 (0.36–1.86) | 0.641 |
Diagnosed lung cancer | 6.42 (1.34–30.70) | 0.020 |
Family history of chronic lung disease | 1.78 (1.19–2.66) | 0.005 |
Hospitalisation for breathing problems prior to the age of 10 years | 1.26 (0.59–2.70) | 0.556 |
Results based on logistic regression analysis with all of these variables and indicators for study site.