Characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients notified in the Netherlands in 2015 by HIV status after the study intervention
| Total n (%) | Known HIV status n (%) | Unknown HIV status | Odds ratio (95% CI) of not being tested for HIV# | |||||
| Known to be not tested for HIV n (%) | Unknown whether tested for HIV n (%) | Unadjusted analysis¶ | p-value | Adjusted analysis | p-value | |||
| Subjects n | 865 | 633 | 109 | 123 | ||||
| Sex | <0.01 | 0.05 | ||||||
| Male | 514 (59.4) | 399 (63.0) | 54 (49.5) | 61 (49.6) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 351 (40.6) | 234 (37.0) | 55 (50.5) | 62 (50.4) | 1.7 (1.2–2.6) | 1.6 (1.0–2.5) | ||
| Age years | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| 0–14 | 42 (4.9) | 22 (3.5) | 16 (14.7) | 4 (3.3) | 8.8 (4.12–18.9) | 4.9 (1.9–12.3) | ||
| 15–34 | 366 (42.3) | 303 (47.9) | 25 (22.9) | 38 (30.9) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 35–64 | 331 (38.3) | 245 (38.7) | 37 (33.9) | 49 (39.8) | 1.8 (1.1–3.2) | 1.3 (0.70–2.3) | ||
| 65+ | 126 (14.6) | 63 (10.0) | 31 (28.4) | 32 (26.0) | 6.0 (3.3–10.8) | 4.5 (2.3–8.9) | ||
| Origin | <0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| The Netherlands | 234 (27.1) | 153 (24.2) | 45 (41.3) | 36 (29.3) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 266 (30.8) | 228 (36.0) | 14 (12.8) | 24 (19.5) | 0.21 (0.11–0.39) | 0.49 (0.23–1.02) | ||
| Asia, Pacific and Indian sub-continent | 194 (22.4) | 137 (21.6) | 23 (21.1) | 34 (27.6) | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 1.3 (0.70–2.5) | ||
| Other | 171 (19.8) | 115 (18.2) | 27 (24.8) | 29 (23.6) | 0.80 (0.47–1.4) | 1.5 (0.80–2.6) | ||
| Diagnosed by | <0.01 | 0.09 | ||||||
| MPHS specialist | 175 (20.2) | 132 (20.9) | 30 (27.5) | 13 (10.6) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Pulmonologist | 467 (54.0) | 324 (51.2) | 64 (58.7) | 79 (64.2) | 0.87 (0.54–1.4) | 1.1 (0.45–2.7) | ||
| Other | 223 (25.8) | 177 (28.0) | 15 (13.8) | 31 (25.2) | 0.37 (0.19–0.72) | 0.53 (0.19–1.5) | ||
| Location of TB | 0.07 | 0.08 | ||||||
| Pulmonary TB+ | 499 (57.7) | 354 (55.9) | 71 (65.1) | 74 (60.2) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Extrapulmonary TB | 366 (42.3) | 279 (44.1) | 38 (34.9) | 49 (39.8) | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | 0.61 (0.35–1.06) | ||
| Reason for TB examination | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Symptoms | 657 (76.0) | 482 (76.1) | 72 (66.1) | 103 (83.7) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Source and contact investigation | 65 (7.5) | 35 (5.5) | 24 (22.0) | 6 (4.9) | 4.6 (2.6–8.2) | 3.2 (1.2–8.4) | ||
| Screening risk groups | 102 (11.8) | 92 (14.5) | 3 (2.8) | 7 (5.7) | 0.22 (0.07–0.71) | 0.30 (0.08–1.2) | ||
| Other/unknown | 41 (4.7) | 24 (3.8) | 10 (9.2) | 7 (5.7) | 2.8 (1.28–6.1) | 2.2 (0.9–5.2) | ||
| Confirmed by positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex | <0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||
| Yes | 577 (66.7) | 439 (69.4) | 55 (50.5) | 83 (67.5) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| No | 288 (33.3) | 194 (30.6) | 54 (49.5) | 40 (32.5) | 2.2 (1.5–3.4) | 1.9 (1.1–3.2) | ||
MPHS: Municipal Public Health Service. #: compared to having known HIV status; ¶: the variables duration of residence in the Netherlands, reason for immigration, legal status and previous TB diagnosis have been taken into account in initial univariate analysis, but were excluded from the analysis, owing to a lack of association; +: including 131 patients with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB.