Main causes of death among 473 PiZZ subjects and 747 population-based controls
| Ever-smokers | Never-smokers | |||
| PiZZ | Controls | PiZZ | Controls | |
| Subjects n | 301 | 445 | 172 | 302 |
| Respiratory | 182 (60) | 34 (8) | 63 (36) | 3 (1) |
| Hepatic | 35 (12) | 10 (2) | 37 (22) | 5 (2) |
| Cirrhosis/complications | 21 (7) | 5 (1) | 21(12) | 2 (1) |
| Primary liver carcinoma | 12 (4) | 5 (1) | 14(8) | 3 (1) |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 2 (1) | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 35 (12) | 169 (38) | 39 (23) | 113 (37) |
| Cancer | 32 (11) | 146 (33) | 19 (11) | 101 (33) |
| Pulmonary carcinoma | 3 (1) | 29 (7) | 3 (2) | 4 (1) |
| Gastrointestinal | 9 (3) | 8 (2) | 4 (2) | 2 (1) |
| Others | 8 (2) | 78 (17) | 10 (6) | 78 (26) |
Data are presented as n (%).