TABLE 2

Recommendations for actionable PICO questions

Clinical indication^#	Certainty of evidence^¶	Recommendation
Prevention of hypercapnia in COPD exacerbation	⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation against
Hypercapnia with COPD exacerbation	⊕⊕⊕⊕	Strong recommendation for
Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema	⊕⊕⊕	Strong recommendation for
Acute asthma exacerbation		No recommendation made
Immunocompromised	⊕⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation for
De novo respiratory failure		No recommendation made
Post-operative patients	⊕⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation for
Palliative care	⊕⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation for
Trauma	⊕⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation for
Pandemic viral illness		No recommendation made
Post-extubation in high-risk patients (prophylaxis)	⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation for
Post-extubation respiratory failure	⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation against
Weaning in hypercapnic patients	⊕⊕⊕	Conditional recommendation for

^#: all in the setting of acute respiratory failure; ^¶: certainty of effect estimates: ⊕⊕⊕⊕, high; ⊕⊕⊕, moderate; ⊕⊕, low; ⊕, very low.