Characteristics of published studies that investigated a longitudinal association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and depression
Peppard et al., 2006 [10] Wisconsin Sleep Cohort | Chen et al., 2013 [11] Health Insurance Database, Taiwan | Lang et al., 2015 [12] Australian Community-based cohort (abstract) | |
Subjects n | 1408 | OSA 2818; control 14 090 | 1600 |
Male % | 56 | 67 | 100 |
Age years | Mean (range) 51 (30–75) | Mean±sd 46.4±15.7 | Range 35–83 |
Definition of depression | Modified Zung depression scale ≥50 or antidepressant use Excluded: “I have trouble sleeping through the night” and “I get tired for no reason” | Incident diagnosis of DD ICD-9 codes: 296.2, 296.3, 300.4 and 311 | BDI/CES-D No details |
Definition of OSA | Full PSG AHI categories: 0–<5; 5–<15; ≥15 | ICD-9 codes: 327.23, 780.51, 780.53 or 780.57 following PSG | Home PSG |
Follow-up | 4 years n=259 (transitioning from not depressed to depressed, or vice versa) | 1 year n=167 (received a diagnosis of DD: inpatient or outpatient) | 5 years Not reported (small given wide confidence interval) |
Analyses | GEEM Conditional logistic regression Model: age, BMI, alcoholic intake and history of CVD | Cox regression Model: sex, age, urbanisation level, index date, hypertension, diabetes, CHD, hyperlipidaemia, obesity and alcohol abuse/dependency | Logistic regression (?) Model: no details |
Effect | Increase to the next higher category OR 1.8 (95% CI 1.3–2.6) | OSA (yes/no) HR 2.18 (95% CI 1.55–3.08) | Severe OSA (AHI ≥30) OR 2.9 (95% CI 1.19–6.92) |
DD: depressive disorder; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; BDI: Beck depression inventory; CES-D: Centre for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale; PSG: polysomnography; AHI: apnoea–hypopnoea index; GEEM: generalised estimating equation model; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio.