Crude and adjusted hazard ratios of cardiovascular outcomes associated with adding a second long-acting bronchodilator (combination) compared with remaining on a single long-acting bronchodilator (monotherapy) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with 1 year follow-up, from the as-treated analysis
| Patients n | Events n | Person-years | Rate per 1000 per year | Crude# HR | Adjusted¶ HR (95% CI) | |
| Acute myocardial infarction | ||||||
| Monotherapy | 31 138 | 180 | 17 842 | 10.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Combination | 31 138 | 235 | 20 795 | 11.3 | 1.13 | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) |
| Stroke | ||||||
| Monotherapy | 31 123 | 148 | 17 854 | 8.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Combination | 31 123 | 145 | 20 813 | 7.0 | 0.85 | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) |
| Heart failure | ||||||
| Monotherapy | 31 174 | 524 | 17 870 | 29.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Combination | 31 174 | 698 | 20 612 | 33.9 | 1.17 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) |
| Arrhythmia | ||||||
| Monotherapy | 18 861 | 109 | 10 936 | 10.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 (reference) |
| Combination | 18 861 | 135 | 12 610 | 10.7 | 1.09 | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) |
#: crude, after matching on high-dimensional propensity scores and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use in the year prior to cohort entry; ¶: after matching on high-dimensional propensity scores and ICS use in the year prior to cohort entry, adjusted further for patient characteristics (10 year age groups, sex, calendar year of cohort entry), the decile of propensity score, ipratropium use prior to cohort entry and time since entry into base cohort.