TABLE 2

Characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to phenotypes

	Subjects	NON-AE (a)	AE NON-CB (b)	AE-CB (c)	ACOS (d)	p-value
Subjects		2125	319	687	231
Female^#		625 (29.4)^d	87 (27.3)^d	193 (28.1)^d	105 (45.5)^a,b,c	<0.001
Age at diagnosis^¶ years		59.3±9.0^b,c,d	57.7±8.9^a,d	57.7±8.4^a,d	53.6±8.6^a,b,c	<0.001
Age at inclusion^¶ years		66.3±8.7 ^d	65.9±8.8^d	66.6±8.3^d	62.3±10.2^a,b,c	<0.001
BMI^¶ kg·m^-2	3360	27.4±5.7^c	26.6±5.3^d	26.5±5.6^a,d	28.3±6.0^b,c	<0.001
FEV₁^¶ % pred	3360	56.0±18.3^b,c	44.4±16.5^a,d	45.7±16.9^a,d	55.9±18.8^b,c	<0.001
FVC^¶ % pred	3359	82.0±20.0^b,c	74.5±20.5^a,d	75.3±20.6^a,d	83.3±20.3^b,c	<0.001
CAT⁺		15.8±7.3^b,c,d	18.2±7.4^a,c	22.2±7.5^a,b,d	17.8±7.8^a,c	<0.001
mMRC⁺		1.8±1.0^b,c	2.2±1.0^a,c	2.5±0.9^a,b,d	2.0±1.1^c	<0.001
Atopy^#		129 (6.1)^d	21 (6.6)^d	49 (7.1)^d	161 (69.7)^a,b,c	<0.001
Asthma^#					173 (74.9)
Moderate AEs^¶,§ events·year^-1		0.3±0.5^b,c,d	1.9±1.3^a,d	2.1±1.6^a,d	1.3±1.5^a,b,c	<0.001
Severe AEs^¶,^ƒ events·year^-1		0.1±0.3^b,c,d	0.8±0.9^a,d	0.9±1.0^a,d	0.3±0.7^a,b,c	<0.001
Total AEs^¶ events·year^-1		0.4±0.5^b,c,d	2.8±1.5^a,c,d	3.0±1.8^a,b,d	1.6±1.8^a,b,c	<0.001
Positive bronchodilator test	2524	284 (18.5)^b,c,d	27 (11.2)^a,d	66 (11.8)^a,d	92 (50.3)^a,b,c	<0.001
Charlson index^#	3361
1		1095 (51.6)^c	177 (55.5)^c	297 (43.2)^a,b	115 (49.8)	<0.001
2		508 (23.9)	74 (23.2)	163 (23.7)	60 (26.0)	0.884
3		290 (13.7)^b,c	25 (7.8)^a,c	118 (17.2)^a,b,d	25 (10.8)^c	<0.001
≥4		231 (10.9)^c	43 (13.5)	109 (15.9)^a	31 (13.4)	0.006

Data are presented as n, n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise stated. n=3362, unless otherwise stated. Bold type represents statistical significance. NON-AE: nonexacerbator; AE NON-CB: exacerbator without chronic bronchitis; AE-CB: exacerbator with chronic bronchitis; ACOS: asthma–COPD overlap syndrome; BMI: body mass index; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; FVC: forced vital capacity; CAT: COPD assessment test; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale; AE: acute exacerbation of COPD. ^#: relative frequencies are calculated only from the collected data. Differences between phenotypes are tested by Fisher exact test. In variables, where the difference is significant, indices a, b, c, d show statistically significant difference between two phenotypes (Fisher exact test). ^¶: statistical significance tested by one-way ANOVA. In variables where the difference is significant, indices a, b, c, d show statistically significant difference between two phenotypes (Tukey). ⁺: statistical significance tested by Kruskal–Wallis test. In variables, where the difference is significant, indices a, b, c, d show statistically significant difference between two phenotypes; ^§: AE treated with antibiotics and/or corticosteroids out of hospital; ^ƒ: AE treated in hospital.