TABLE 2

Selected metabolomics data

Metabolite	Fold change				Significance		Correlation with ICS
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe	p-value	q-value	r	p-value
DHEA-S	1 (0.69–1.45)	0.91 (0.61–1.46)	0.57 (0.39–0.97)	0.23 (0.14–0.32)	2×10⁻⁷	1×10⁻⁵	−0.68	5×10⁻⁷
Cortisone	1 (0.85–1.19)	0.99 (0.84–1.26)	0.91 (0.79–1.17)	0.62 (0.53–0.8)	2×10⁻⁴	0.01	−0.45	0.003
Oleoylethanolamide	1 (0.83–1.24)	1.2 (0.89–1.59)	1.3 (0.97–1.59)	1.65 (1.32–1.91)	0.001	0.01	0.26	0.09
22-hydroxycholesterol	1 (0.8–1.26)	1.33 (1.04–1.6)	1.07 (0.86–1.33)	1.34 (1.02–1.66)	0.002	0.03	0.28	0.07
Methylthioadenosine	1 (0.68–1.46)	1.09 (0.66–1.65)	0.89 (0.68–1.26)	1.78 (1.16–2.4)	0.002	0.03	0.15	0.37
Prolylhydroxyproline	1 (0.53–1.87)	1.55 (0.81–2.42)	1.16 (0.61–1.95)	0.51 (0.23–1.36)	0.01	0.07	−0.36	0.02
Pipecolate	1 (0.73–1.27)	0.87 (0.66–1.12)	0.93 (0.7–1.1)	0.78 (0.58–0.91)	0.01	0.07	−0.32	0.04
N-palmitoyltaurine	1 (0.55–1.54)	0.47 (0.26–1.3)	0.7 (0.46–2.01)	1.71 (1.28–3.17)	0.01	0.07	0.48	0.002
α-Linolenic acid	0.99 (0.73–1.35)	1.67 (1.23–2.22)	1.13 (0.92–1.63)	1.22 (0.96–1.81)	0.01	0.07	−0.08	0.60
Phenylalanine	1 (0.88–1.12)	0.94 (0.82–1.09)	1.07 (0.93–1.19)	1.16 (1.03–1.31)	0.01	0.07	0.10	0.53
Xanthine	1 (0.71–1.43)	0.96 (0.67–1.17)	1.38 (0.91–1.62)	1.39 (0.97–1.68)	0.01	0.07	0.16	0.31
S1P(d18:1)	1 (0.88–1.12)	1.01 (0.84–1.2)	1.18 (0.97–1.36)	1.22 (1.02–1.4)	0.02	0.09	−0.03	0.83
Cortisol	1.02 (0.74–1.37)	1.06 (0.76–1.43)	0.99 (0.72–1.46)	0.61 (0.41–0.95)	0.02	0.13	−0.39	0.01
Arginine	1 (0.85–1.19)	0.96 (0.72–1.19)	1.1 (0.97–1.28)	1.17 (1.05–1.35)	0.03	0.13	0.22	0.15
Taurine	1 (0.73–1.34)	0.85 (0.59–1.15)	1.06 (0.79–1.5)	1.1 (0.88–1.45)	0.05	0.20	0.19	0.21
Oleic acid	1.03 (0.49–1.81)	1.88 (1.04–3.28)	0.9 (0.42–2.02)	1.68 (1–3)	0.06	0.23	0.25	0.12
Dihydro-S1P(d18:0)	1 (0.82–1.2)	0.96 (0.77–1.25)	1.15 (0.92–1.39)	1.27 (1.05–1.57)	0.06	0.23	0.12	0.45
Linoleic acid	1 (0.66–1.44)	1.93 (1.15–2.94)	0.88 (0.48–1.72)	1.41 (0.9–2.04)	0.06	0.23	0.19	0.23
Bilirubin	1 (0.64–1.55)	0.91 (0.64–1.4)	0.79 (0.53–1.21)	0.64 (0.47–1.04)	0.08	0.27	0.11	0.49
Uridine	1 (0.91–1.09)	0.91 (0.76–1.05)	0.93 (0.85–1.04)	1.06 (0.9–1.2)	0.09	0.28	0.20	0.21
N-acetylcarnosine	1 (0.61–1.56)	0.81 (0.48–1.35)	0.65 (0.42–0.88)	0.68 (0.43–1.1)	0.09	0.28	0.13	0.48
Aspartylphenylalanine	1 (0.64–1.51)	0.96 (0.58–1.55)	1.14 (0.8–1.53)	1.35 (0.91–2.03)	0.10	0.29	0.17	0.27
Phenylacetylglutamine	1 (0.52–1.87)	0.45 (0.28–0.98)	0.7 (0.44–1.31)	1.08 (0.48–2.08)	0.10	0.29	0.04	0.79

Data are presented as the fold-change of the median (95% CI). Displayed data were selected based upon p<0.1. The full list of all detected metabolites is provided in supplementary table E3. Median fold change and confidence intervals were estimated using 500 iterations of bootstrap resampling. ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; S1P: sphingosine-1-phosphate.