Characteristics of included studies for rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance detection, grouped alphabetically by index test type
| First author [ref.] | Country (income category) | Study design | Laboratory setting | Population | Number tested: RIF | Number tested: INH | Direct or indirect | Smear status | Condition of specimen | Phenotypic reference standard |
| Hain Genotype MTBDRplus V1 | ||||||||||
| Al-Mutairi [23]# | Kuwait (A) | Case–control | National reference | Culture positives | 125 | 125 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Albert [24] | Uganda (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 97 | 97 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Anek-Vorapong [25] | Thailand (B) | Unclear | Regional | Culture positives | 50 | 50 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Anek-Vorapong [25]# | Thailand (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 164 | 164 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Asante-Poku [26]# | Ghana (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 113 | 113 | Indirect | Positive | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Asencios [27] | Peru (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Culture positives | 95 | 95 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Asencios [27] | Peru (B) | Unclear | National reference | Smear positives | 100 | 100 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Aung [28]# | Myanmar (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 189 | 189 | Indirect | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Aurin [29] | Bangladesh (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 277 | 277 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Banu [31] | Bangladesh (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | At risk for MDR-TB | 79 | 87 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Barnard [32] | South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 484 | 479 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Brossier [33]# | France (A) | Unclear | National reference | Unspecified | 113 | 113 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Bwanga [34] | Uganda (B) | Unclear | National reference | Unspecified | 31 | 31 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Cabibbe [35] | Uganda (B) | Unclear | Regional | Unspecified | 91 | 91 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Cabibbe [35] | Uganda (B) | Unclear | Regional | Unspecified | 49 | 49 | Direct | Both | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Causse [37] | Spain (A) | Unclear | Regional | Smear positives | 41 | 41 | Indirect | Positive | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Causse [37] | Spain (A) | Unclear | Regional | Smear positives | 18 | 18 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Chen [38] | China (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 326 | 326 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Chryssanthou [39] | Sweden (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 477 | 477 | Indirect | N/A | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Chryssanthou [39] | Sweden (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 90 | 90 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Daum [40] | South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 26 | 26 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Dorman [41]# | South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Prior screened | 223 | 223 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Dubois Cauwelaert [42] | Madagascar (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 254 | 254 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Eliseev [43] | Russia (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 211 | 211 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Evans [44] | South Africa (B) | Unclear | Regional | Culture positives | 223 | 223 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Fabre [45]#,¶ | Multiple (C) | Unclear | Regional | Culture positives | 144 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Radiometric BacTec 460 | |
| Farooqi [46]# | Pakistan (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 105 | 105 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Felkel [47]# | Nigeria (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Known MDR-TB | 32 | 32 | Direct | Unclear | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Ferro [48] | Colombia (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Unspecified | 221 | 222 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Friedrich [49] | South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Prior screened | 94 | 94 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Gauthier [50] | Haiti (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 221 | 221 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Gitti [51] | Greece (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 221 | 221 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Hillemann [52]# | Germany (A) | Case–control | National reference | Culture positives | 125 | 125 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Mixed |
| Hillemann [52]# | Germany (A) | Unclear | National reference | Smear positives | 72 | 72 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Mixed |
| Huang [53]# | China (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 215 | 215 | Indirect | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Huang [54]# | Taiwan (B) | Unclear | Regional | Culture positives | 272 | 272 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Mixed |
| Huang [55]# | Taiwan (B) | Unclear | National reference | Culture positives | 324 | 324 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Huyen [56] | Vietnam (B) | Case–control | Regional | Culture positives | 110 | 110 | Indirect | Positive | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Imperiale [57] | Argentina (B) | Unclear | National reference | Culture positives | 30 | 30 | Indirect | Frozen | Mixed | |
| Imperiale [57]# | Argentina (B) | Unclear | National reference | Smear positives | 70 | 70 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Mixed |
| Jin [58]# | China (B) | Unclear | Regional | Culture positives | 237 | 237 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Absolute concentration |
| Kapata [59] | Zambia (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 598 | 594 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Khadka [60] | Nepal (B) | Cross-sectional | Unknown | Culture positives | 207 | 207 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Absolute concentration |
| Kumar [61] | India (B) | Unclear | National reference | Culture positives | 141 | 141 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Lacoma [62]# | Spain (A) | Unclear | Unknown | Culture positives | 62 | 62 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Lacoma [62] | Spain (A) | Unclear | Unknown | Unspecified | 53 | 53 | Direct | Both | Frozen | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Li [63]# | China (B) | Cross-sectional | Unknown | Smear positives | 1370 | 1370 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Luetkemeyer [64] | Multiple (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | HIV positives | 303 | 301 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Lyu [65] | South Korea (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 168 | Direct | Both | Unknown | Absolute concentration | |
| Macedo [66] | Portugal (A) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 68 | 68 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Maschmann Rde [67]# | Brazil (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | At risk for MDR-TB | 66 | 66 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Miotto [68] | Italy (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 206 | 206 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Miotto [68] | Italy (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 78 | 78 | Direct | Both | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Miotto [69] | Burkina Faso (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 31 | 31 | Direct | Both | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Miotto [69] | Burkina Faso (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 11 | 11 | Direct | Both | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Mironova [70] | Multiple (C) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Unspecified | 243 | 243 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Mironova [70] | Multiple (C) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Unspecified | 74 | 74 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| N’Guessan [71] | Cote D'Ivoire (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 120 | 120 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Nathavitharana [72]# | Multiple (C) | Case–control | National reference | Culture positive | 376 | 378 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Mixed |
| Nathavitharana [72] | Multiple (C) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 455 | 462 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Mixed |
| Niehaus [73] | South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Unspecified | 994 | 994 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Nikolayevskyy [74] | Russia (A) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 163 | 163 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Mixed |
| Nwofor [75] | Nigeria (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Culture positives | 97 | 97 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Ocheretina [76]#,¶ | Haiti (B) | Unclear | National reference | Culture positives | 153 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT | |
| Raizada [77] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | At risk for MDR-TB | 267 | 267 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Raveendran [78] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Culture positives | 69 | 69 | Indirect | N/A | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Raveendran [78] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 16 | 16 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Rigouts [80] | Tanzania (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 303 | 303 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Rufai [81]¶ | India (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 23 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT | |
| Sangsayunh [82] | Thailand (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | At risk for MDR-TB | 18 | 19 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Schon [83]¶ | Sweden (A) | Case–control | Regional | Culture positives | 95 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Absolute Concentration | |
| Scott [84] | South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Unknown | All-comers | 89 | 89 | Direct | Both | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Shubladze [85] | Georgia (B) | Cases only | National reference | Known MDR-TB | 634 | 634 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Proportion method |
| Simons [86] | Netherlands (A) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Unspecified | 2649 | 2649 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Singhal [87] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 120 | 120 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Tessema [88] | Ethiopia (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | Smear positives | 260 | 260 | Indirect | Positive | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Tho [89] | Vietnam (B) | Case–control | National reference | Culture positives | 150 | 150 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Tolani [90] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | Unknown | Smear positives | 88 | 88 | Indirect | Positive | Unknown | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Tolani [90] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | Unknown | Smear positives | 67 | 67 | Indirect | Positive | Unknown | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Tukvadze [91] | Georgia (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 474 | 474 | Direct | Positive | Frozen | Mixed |
| Vijdea [92]# | Denmark, Lithuania (C) | Case–control | Supra-national reference | Culture positives | 115 | 115 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Radiometric BacTec 460 |
| Yadav [93] | India (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | At risk for MDR-TB | 242 | 242 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Yordanova [94] | Bulgaria (B) | Cases only | National reference | Known MDR-TB | 66 | 66 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Hain Genotype MTBDRplus V2 | ||||||||||
| Bablishvili [30] | Georgia (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Smear positives | 350 | 350 | Direct | Positive | Fresh | Mixed |
| Catanzaro [36] | Moldova, India, South Africa (B) | Cross-sectional | Regional | At risk for MDR-TB | 914 | 914 | Direct | Positive | Unknown | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Crudu [15] | Moldova (B) | Cross-sectional | National reference | All-comers | 156 | 156 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Proportion method |
| Nathavitharana [72]# | Multiple (C) | Case–control | National reference | Culture positive | 376 | 378 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Mixed |
| Nathavitharana [72] | Multiple (C) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 452 | 452 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Mixed |
| Nipro NTM+MDR Detection Kit 2 | ||||||||||
| Mitarai [17]# | Japan (A) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Unspecified | 314 | 314 | Indirect | N/A | Unknown | Unknown |
| Mitarai [17] | Japan (A) | Cross-sectional | National reference | Unspecified | 55 | 52 | Direct | Both | Frozen | Proportion method |
| Rienthong [79]# | Thailand (B) | Case–control | Unknown | Culture positives | 260 | 260 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Rienthong [79] | Thailand (B) | Cross-sectional | Unknown | Unspecified | 127 | 127 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Non-radiometric BacTec MGIT |
| Nathavitharana [72]# | Multiple (C) | Case–control | National reference | Culture positive | 378 | 378 | Indirect | N/A | Frozen | Mixed |
| Nathavitharana [72] | Multiple (C) | Cross-sectional | National reference | At risk for MDR-TB | 475 | 474 | Direct | Both | Fresh | Mixed |
MDR-TB: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. ¶: these studies only contributed data to PICO A1a and 1b (Rifampicin resistance detection); #: these studies contributed data from which a composite reference standard could be derived.