Multivariate analysis for independent and joint effect of airflow limitation (AL) and emphysema
| Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Independent effect | ||
| AL | ||
| No | 1 (ref.) | |
| Mild | 0.93 (0.53–1.61) | 0.79 |
| Moderate-to severe# | 2.23 (1.11–4.46) | 0.02 |
| Emphysema | ||
| No | 1 (ref.) | |
| Yes | 1.77 (1.05–2.96) | 0.03 |
| Joint effect | ||
| AL–emphysema | ||
| No AL–no emphysema | 1 (ref.) | |
| No AL–emphysema | 1.76 (0.73–4.23) | 0.21 |
| Mild AL–no emphysema | 1.10 (0.58–2.06) | 0.77 |
| Mild AL–emphysema | 1.12 (0.50–2.51) | 0.78 |
| Moderate-to-severe AL–no emphysema | 1.30 (0.53–3.21) | 0.57 |
| Moderate-to-severe AL–emphysema | 8.90 (3.02–26.19) | <0.001 |
Both independent and joint model were adjusted for age at diagnosis, smoking status, pathologic stage, histology, comorbidity and type of surgery. Comorbidities included diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease or bronchiectasis. #: only two patients had severe airflow limitation.