TABLE 3

Associations between baseline high attenuation areas (HAA) and mortality over 12.2 years of follow-up in 6808 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants

	HAA				p-value for trend	Overall	p-value
	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	p-value for trend	Overall	p-value
Number at-risk	1699	1699	1700	1699		6808
Number of decedents	252	237	283	321		1093
Person-years of observation	19 010	18 805	18 844	18 347		75 006
Mortality rate per 1000 person-years	13.3	12.6	15.0	17.5		14.6
HR (95% CI)						HR (95% CI) per doubling of HAA
Model 1^#	Ref	1.15 (0.94–1.40)	1.51 (1.23–1.87)	1.94 (1.53–2.46)	<0.001	1.58 (1.39–1.79)	<0.001
Model 2^¶	Ref	1.15 (0.95–1.41)	1.52 (1.23–1.88)	1.91 (1.51–2.43)	<0.001	1.55 (1.37–1.77)	<0.001
Model 2, stratified by smoking status⁺
Ever-smokers	Ref	1.35 (1.05–1.72)	1.65 (1.27–2.15)	2.42 (1.81–3.22)	<0.001	1.78 (1.50–2.11)	<0.001
Never-smokers	Ref	1.02 (0.73–1.43)	1.40 (0.99–2.00)	1.55 (1.02–2.35)	0.02	1.38 (1.12–1.70)	0.002

^#: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, height, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, glomerular filtration rate, study site, mA dose, total volume of imaged lung and percent emphysema. Adjustment for smoking status and pack-years was excluded from smoking-stratified models. All covariates measured at baseline examination in 2000–2002. ^¶: model 2 is additionally adjusted for alcohol use, exercise, coronary artery calcium, diabetes medication use, insulin use, fasting glucose level, hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cholesterol medication use, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, C-reactive protein level, D-dimer level and history of cancer. ⁺: p-value for interaction 0.56.