Hazard ratios and confidence intervals for adverse respiratory outcomes among propensity score weighted community-dwelling cohort, distinguishing by opioid half-life drug type
| Opioid drug half-life type | Opioid use status | Outpatient respiratory exacerbations | Emergency room visits for COPD or pneumonia | Hospitalisations for COPD or pneumonia | ICU admissions during hospitalisations for COPD or pneumonia | COPD or pneumonia-related mortality | All-cause mortality | ||||||||||||
| Events n (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Events n (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Events n (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Events n (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Events n (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Events n (%) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Shorter-acting opioid-only formulation | New users Controls | 585 (5.7) 1755 (4.2) | 1.37 (1.23–1.53) Referent | <0.0001 | 181 (1.8) 437 (1.0) | 1.70 (1.38–2.09) Referent | <0.0001 | 224 (2.2) 611 (1.5) | 1.50 (1.26–1.79) Referent | <0.0001 | 30 (0.3) 97 (0.2) | 1.28 (0.80–2.05) Referent | 0.30 | 80 (0.8) 70 (0.2) | 4.78 (3.36–6.79) Referent | <0.0001 | 474 (4.6) 520 (1.2) | 3.80 (3.31–4.36) Referent | <0.0001 |
| Longer-acting opioid-only formulation | New users Controls | 67 (3.0) 1722 (4.1) | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) Referent | 0.04 | 31 (1.4) 422 (1.0) | 1.38 (0.87–2.17) Referent | 0.17 | 59 (2.6) 589 (1.4) | 1.86 (1.23–2.81) Referent | 0.004 | <6# 92 (0.2) | 1.07 (0.42–2.77) Referent | 0.88 | 20 (0.9) 70 (0.2) | 5.42 (2.53–11.62) Referent | <0.0001 | 149 (6.6) 510 (1.2) | 5.62 (4.46–7.10) Referent | <0.0001 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU: intensive care unit. #: percentages are not presented, according to Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences reporting rules, because of small cell size.