First author [ref.] | Treatment group | Patients randomised/completed n/n | Age years | Females % | CPAP use h per night | AHI at baseline events per h | BMI kg·m−2 | ESS score# at baseline | MWT/MSLT at baseline min | |
Prior to CPAP | On CPAP | |||||||||
Kingshott [13] | All patients | 32/30 | 53±7 | 9 | 6.5±1.1 | 45±31 | 8±4 | 32±4 | 15±3 | MWT 16.5±4.9 MSLT 6.8±2.2 |
Pack [4], Dinges [5] | Modafinil | 77/66 | 50 | 21 | 6.96±1.22 | 53.7±30 | 2.5±2.6 | 35.9±7.3 | 14.2±2.9 | 7.4±4.8 |
Placebo | 80/77 | 50 | 26 | 7.14±1.16 | 46.8±33.7 | 2.1±2.3 | 35±7.4 | 14.4±3.2 | 7.5±4.6 | |
Black [3] | Modafinil 200 mg | 104/86 | 48.1±10 | 13 | 6±1.7 | 46.8±26.5 | 4.2±5.6 | 36.2±7.6 | ∼15.8 | 13.1±5.1 |
Modafinil 400 mg | 101/81 | 48.7±8.9 | 32 | 6±1.7 | 46.9±28.9 | 4.2±5.6 | 36.9±8 | ∼15 | 14.1±6 | |
Placebo | 104/93 | 51.2±9.4 | 28 | 5.9±1.7 | 49.6±31.7 | 5.8±8.1 | 37.3±8.5 | ∼14.8 | 13.8±6.1 | |
Bittencourt [14] | Modafinil | 11/9 | 51±7 | 27 | 6±1 | >15 | 4±3 | 35±7 | 15±3 | 10±9 |
Placebo | 11/11 | 54±4 | 0 | 6±1 | 4±3 | 32±5 | 14±4 | 11±6 | ||
Herring [15] | All patients | 104/93 | 48.6±8.5 | 20 | >4 | ≥15 | ≤10 | M | 15.03±3.3 | 11.6±6.9 |
27 | ||||||||||
Inoue [16] | Modafinil | 52/52 | 49±10.4 | 6 | 6.1±1 | M | 2.8±2.7 | 27.9±4.3 | 14.3±2.7 | 14±5.5 |
Placebo | 62/62 | 50.4±9.2 | 2 | 6±0.6 | 2.6±2.6 | 27.3±3.5 | 14.6±3.1 | 14.3±4.6 | ||
Roth [17] | Armodafinil 150 mg | 133/114 | 49.3±9.2 | 26 | ∼7 | ≥15 | 1.7±4.7 | 36.6±7.8 | 15.4±3.5 | 21.5±8.9 |
Armodafinil 250 mg | 131/110 | 49.1±8.7 | 32 | ∼7 | 1.7±2.7 | 36.5±8.5 | 15.3±3.6 | 23.3±7.7 | ||
Placebo | 131/120 | 50.1±9.4 | 31 | ∼7 | 1.1±1.8 | 37±7.5 | 15.9±3.6 | 23.2±7.7 | ||
Hirshkowitz [18] | Armodafinil | 131/111 | 50.7±9.2 | 24 | 6.8±1.3 | M | 1.1±2.1 | 36.3±7.8 | 15.6±3.5 | 23.7±8.6 |
Placebo | 132/118 | 50.6±8.9 | 44 | 6.9±1 | 1.4±2.3 | 30.8±7.5 | 16±3.5 | 23.3±8.2 | ||
Krystal [19] | Armodafinil | 125/99 | 49.5±10.3 | 54 | 6.9±1.6 | M | ≤10 | 37.3±7.9 | 14.3±3.1 | 20±8.5 |
Placebo | 124/98 | 49.5±9.7 | 53 | 7±1.3 | 36.2±7.8 | 15.3±3.4 | 21.3±7.9 | |||
Greve [20] | Armodafinil | 21/20 | 49.9±9 | 19 | 6.7±1.17 | >15 | ≤10 | 33.4±6.8 | 14.6±3.3 | MSLT 5.4±1.6¶ |
Placebo | 19/16 | 50.7±8 | 26 | 6.1±1.48 | 32.1±6.1 | 16.8±2.9 | MSLT 6.1±1.3¶ |
Data are presented as mean±sd unless otherwise stated. Where exact values not given, estimates are given from inclusion criteria. CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure; AHI: apnoea–hypopnoea index; BMI: body mass index; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MWT: Maintenance of Wakefulness Test; MSLT: Mean Sleep Latency Test; M: missing values. #: out of 24; ¶: measured at baseline only, not post-treatment.