TABLE 4

Associations between antibiotic treatment for genitourinary infections (recurrent urinary tract infections or Chlamydia or kidney stones) and wheezing outcomes in children aged ≤18 months in females who had genitourinary infections during pregnancy

	Cases	RR_crude	RR_adj1^#	RR_adj2^¶
First trimester
Ever-wheezing⁺	98
No antibiotics	18	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Antibiotics	11	1.05 (0.56–1.98)	0.90 (0.48–1.71)	0.95 (0.48–1.86)
Recurrent wheezing^§	95
No antibiotics	7	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Antibiotics	3	0.73 (0.20–2.68)	0.72 (0.19–2.74)	0.93 (0.18–4.72)
Third trimester
Ever-wheezing^f	266
No antibiotics	50	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Antibiotics	28	1.06 (0.72–1.55)	1.06 (0.73–1.52)	1.05 (0.73–1.52)
Recurrent wheezing^##	249
No antibiotics	14	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)	1.00 (ref.)
Antibiotics	7	0.95 (0.40–2.23)	1.00 (0.45–2.55)	1.06 (0.46–2.43)

Data are presented as n or risk ratio (RR) (95% CI). RR_adj: adjusted RR; ref.: reference. ^#: adjusted analysis for maternal educational level, maternal age at birth, smoking in pregnancy, siblings, paracetamol use in pregnancy and maternal asthma or asthmatic bronchitis; ^¶: adjusted analysis as RR_adj1 and for maternal respiratory infections (bronchitis, flu, throat infections, otitis, sinusitis and common cold) and fever >38°C; ⁺: total subjects n=98; ^§: total subjects n=95; ^f: total subjects n=266; ^##: total subjects n=249.