Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants according to the percentage decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over the 11-year follow-up
| eGFR decline | ||||
| <22% | ≥22% | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Subjects n | 736 | 369 | ||
| Age years | ||||
| <68.92 | 267 (36.28) | 101 (27.37) | 1 | 0.0004 |
| 68.92–72.99 | 251 (34.10) | 117 (31.71) | 1.23 (0.90–1.69) | |
| ≥72.99 | 218 (29.62) | 151 (40.92) | 1.83 (1.34–2.49) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 293 (39.81) | 172 (46.61) | 1 | 0.03 |
| Female | 443 (60.19) | 197 (53.39) | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) | |
| High educational level | ||||
| No | 531 (72.15) | 280 (75.88) | 1 | 0.19 |
| Yes | 205 (27.85) | 89 (24.12) | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) | |
| Activity limitations: IADL | ||||
| No | 710 (96.47) | 353 (95.66) | 1 | 0.51 |
| Yes | 26 (3.53) | 16 (4.34) | 1.24 (0.66–2.34) | |
| Living alone | ||||
| No | 557 (75.68) | 286 (77.51) | 1.11 (0.82–1.49) | |
| Yes | 179 (24.32) | 83 (22.49) | 1 | 0.50 |
| MMSE score | ||||
| ≥26 | 667 (90.63) | 330 (89.43) | 1 | 0.53 |
| <26 | 69 (9.38) | 39 (10.57) | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||
| No | 599 (81.39) | 289 (78.32) | 1 | 0.23 |
| Yes | 137 (18.61) | 80 (21.68) | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) | |
| BMI kg·m−2 | ||||
| <25 | 397 (53.94) | 150 (40.65) | 1 | 0.0001 |
| 25–30 | 274 (37.23) | 171 (46.34) | 1.65 (1.26–2.16) | |
| ≥30 | 65 (8.83) | 48 (13.01) | 1.95 (1.29–2.97) | |
| Caffeine intake mg·day−1 | ||||
| ≤125 | 167 (22.69) | 98 (26.56) | 1 | 0.27 |
| 125–375 | 409 (55.57) | 202 (54.74) | 0.84 (0.62–1.14) | |
| >375 | 160 (21.74) | 69 (18.70) | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) | |
| Alcohol g·day−1 | ||||
| 0 | 99 (13.45) | 53 (14.36) | 1 | 0.15 |
| 1–36 | 568 (77.17) | 268 (72.63) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | |
| ≥36 | 69 (9.38) | 48 (13.01) | 1.30 (0.79–2.14) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | 454 (61.68) | 202 (54.74) | 1 | 0.08 |
| Past | 245 (33.29) | 144 (39.02) | 1.32 (1.01–1.72) | |
| Current | 37 (5.03) | 23 (6.23) | 1.40 (0.81–2.41) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| No | 696 (94.57) | 332 (89.97) | 1 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 40 (5.43) | 37 (10.03) | 1.94 (1.22–3.09) | |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | ||||
| No | 474 (64.40) | 246 (66.67) | 1 | 0.46 |
| Yes | 262 (35.60) | 123 (33.33) | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No | 409 (55.57) | 153 (41.46) | 1 | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 327 (44.43) | 216 (58.54) | 1.77 (1.37–2.27) | |
| Respiratory disease | ||||
| No | 702 (95.38) | 352 (95.39) | 1 | 0.99 |
| Yes | 34 (4.62) | 17 (4.61) | 1.00 (0.55–1.81) | |
| History of cardiovascular disease | ||||
| No | 593 (80.57) | 279 (75.61) | 1 | 0.06 |
| Yes | 143 (19.43) | 90 (24.39) | 1.34 (0.99–1.81) | |
| Hypnotic use | ||||
| No | 613 (83.29) | 302 (81.84) | 1 | 0.55 |
| Yes | 123 (16.71) | 67 (18.16) | 1.11 (0.80–1.53) | |
Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; BMI: body mass index.