Incidence rates and hazard ratios for total, unprovoked and secondary venous thromboembolism (VTE) by stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines
| Person-years | VTE | Incidence rate (95% CI)# | HR (95% CI)¶ | HR (95% CI)+ | |
| All VTE | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 137 | 3.3 (2.8–3.9) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 26 | 4.4 (3.0–6.3) | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 40 | 5.0 (3.7–6.8) | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 1.12 (0.78–1.62) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 12 | 7.9 (4.5–13.8) | 1.61 (0.90–2.93) | 1.60 (0.88–2.92) |
| p-value for trend | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||
| Unprovoked VTE | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 55 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 6 | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 0.55 (0.24–1.29) | 0.62 (0.26–1.46) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 15 | 1.9 (1.1–3.1) | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 1.07 (0.59–1.95) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 3 | 2.0 (0.6–6.1) | 0.99 (0.31–3.25) | 1.04 (0.32–3.39) |
| p-value for trend | 0.8 | 1.0 | |||
| Secondary VTE | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 82 | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 20 | 3.4 (2.2–5.2) | 1.28 (0.78–2.10) | 1.27 (0.76–2.12) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 25 | 3.1 (2.1–4.6) | 1.16 (0.73–1.82) | 1.14 (0.72–1.83) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 9 | 5.9 (3.1–11.3) | 2.05 (1.02–4.10) | 1.97 (0.97–3.99) |
| p-value for trend | 0.1 | 0.1 | |||
| Provoked VTE | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 39 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 12 | 2.0 (1.0–3.4) | 1.39 (0.71–2.74) | 1.53 (0.76–3.06) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 14 | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 1.27 (0.68–2.35) | 1.25 (0.66–2.37) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 4 | 2.6 (1.0–7.0) | 1.77 (0.63–5.00) | 1.71 (0.60–4.88) |
| p-value for trend | 0.2 | 0.3 | |||
| Cancer-related VTE | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 43 | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 8 | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 1.05 (0.49–2.25) | 1.04 (0.49–2.25) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 11 | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 1.03 (0.53–2.03) | 1.04 (0.52–2.07) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 5 | 3.3 (1.4–7.9) | 2.33 (0.91–5.95) | 2.28 (0.88–5.91) |
| p-value for trend | 0.3 | 0.3 | |||
| PE | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 68 | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 15 | 2.5 (1.5–4.2) | 1.12 (0.64–1.96) | 1.21 (0.68–2.14) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 19 | 2.4 (1.5–3.7) | 1.01 (0.60–1.69) | 1.01 (0.60–1.72) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 7 | 4.6 (2.2–9.6) | 1.83 (0.83–4.02) | 1.80 (0.81–3.99) |
| p-value for trend | 0.4 | 0.4 | |||
| DVT | |||||
| Normal | 41 744 | 69 | 1.7 (1.3–2.1) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| Stage I | 5912 | 11 | 1.9 (1.0–3.4) | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) | 0.82 (0.41–1.61) |
| Stage II | 8008 | 21 | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | 1.18 (0.72–1.93) | 1.22 (0.73–2.04) |
| Stage III/IV | 1526 | 5 | 3.3 (1.4–7.9) | 1.38 (0.55–3.45) | 1.39 (0.55–3.51) |
| p-value for trend | 0.5 | 0.4 | |||
Data are presented as n, unless otherwise stated. PE: pulmonary embolism; DVT: deep vein thrombosis. #: per 1000 person-years; ¶: age was timescale; adjusted for sex; +: adjusted for age, sex, current smoking, body mass index and self-reported cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, angina or stroke).