TABLE 3

Determinants of complicated grief at 6 months

Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Variables	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
ICU characteristics
Nurse involvement in clinical research	1.57 (0.84–2.92)	0.155	1.75 (0.84–3.66)	0.135
Physician and nurse characteristics
Intensivist board certification before 2009	3.02 (1.38–6.60)	0.006	3.82 (1.57–9.34)	0.003
Nurses >2 years of ICU experience	0.71 (0.41–1.23)	0.221
Patient characteristics
Age	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.017
Length of ICU stay	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.101	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.155
Need for vasopressors	2.10 (1.20–3.68)	0.009
Patient died while intubated	2.54 (1.53–4.22)	<0.001	2.12 (1.16–3.89)	0.015
Family involvement in EOL decision	0.57 (0.35–0.92)	0.022
Family disagreement with EOL decision	3.92 (1.79–8.60)	0.001
Relative characteristics
Female sex	2.87 (1.67–4.94)	<0.001	3.07 (1.62–5.80)	0.001
Being the spouse	1.96 (1.19–3.23)	0.008
Living alone	1.64 (1.01–2.70)	0.044	1.97 (1.10–3.51)	0.022
Relative reports that
Patient's dignity was not respected	3.18 (1.13–8.92)	0.028
Death was not anticipated	2.33 (1.18–4.6)	0.015
Communication with physician was unsatisfactory	3.64 (1.92–6.91)	<0.001	3.27 (1.42–7.50)	0.005
Communication with nurses was unsatisfactory	3.21 (1.5–6.85)	0.003	2.26 (0.84–6.10)	0.106
Patient refused treatments^#	0.38 (0.17–0.86)	0.021	0.24 (0.08–0.69)	0.008
They did not say good bye to loved one	2.28 (1.35–3.85)	0.002	2.47 (1.30–4.68)	0.006
They were present at the time of death	1.89 (1.18–3.03)	0.009	2.91 (1.62–5.21)	<0.001

Uni- and multivariate analyses are shown. Univariate logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios; p-values were calculated using the Wald test. Mixed multivariate logistic regression with intensive care unit (ICU) as a random effect was performed to estimate adjusted odds ratios and p-values. Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test: p=0.764. EOL: end of life. ^#: patient decision to withhold or withdraw treatment for themselves.