TABLE 3

Results of the multilevel regression models for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality rate and the COPD mortality rate ratio

Variable	log COPD mortality rate				log COPD mortality rate ratio for 2010:1990
	1990		2010		Coefficient (95% CI)	p-value
	Coefficient (95% CI)	p-value	Coefficient (95% CI)	p-value
log smoking index	0.43 (0.33–0.52)	<0.001	0.38 (0.28–0.48)	<0.001
log GNI	−0.47 (−0.68– −0.26)	<0.001	−0.31 (−0.53– −0.08)	0.01
log smoking index ratio for 2010:1990					0.004 (0.002–0.004)	<0.001
log GNI ratio for 2010:1990					−0.34 (−0.60– −0.06)	0.02
Age years
40–44	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
45–49	0.69 (0.56–0.81)	<0.001	0.72 (0.58–0.86)	<0.001	0·04 (−0.04–0.11)	0.38
50–54	1.47 (1.35–1.59)	<0.001	1.47 (1.34–1.61)	<0.001	0·01 (−0.07–0.09)	0.76
55–59	2.16 (2.03–2.28)	<0.001	2.19 (2.05–2.32)	<0.001	0·05 (−0.03–0.13)	0.24
60–64	2.81 (2.68–2.94)	<0.001	2.88 (2.74–3.01)	<0.001	0·10 (0.02–0.18)	0.02
65–69	3.60 (3.47–3.72)	<0.001	3.76 (3.62–3.89)	<0.001	0·19 (0.11–0.27)	<0.001
70–74	3.91 (3.78–4.04)	<0.001	4.08 (3.94–4.22)	<0.001	0·20 (0.12–0.28)	<0.001
75–79	4.42 (4.29–4.55)	<0.001	4.62 (4.48–4.77)	<0.001	0·21 (0.13–0.29)	<0.001
>80	5.11 (4.98–5.24)	<0.001	5.43 (5.28–5.57)	<0.001	0·26 (0.18–0.34)	<0.001
Sex
Male	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Female	−0.56 (−0.62– −0.50)	<0.001	−0.64 (−0.70– −0.57)	<0.001	−0.12 (−0.16– −0.07)	<0.001