Variable | Research | Clinical practice |
Fat-free mass/fat mass | Deuterium dilution | DEXA, single-frequency BIA Anthropometry (sum of four skin folds) |
Intracellular mass | Deuterium dilution combined with bromide dilution | Multifrequency BIA |
Muscle mass | CT MRI Biomarkers (i.e. D3-creatine dilution) | DEXA Ultrasonography Biomarkers (i.e. creatine height index) Anthropometry (mid-arm muscle circumference) |
Abdominal fat | CT | DEXA |
Abdominal visceral fat | MRI Biomarkers (i.e. PAI-1) | Anthropometry (i.e. sagittal diameter and/or waist/hip circumference) Ultrasonography |
Bone mass and density | DEXA | DEXA HRCT |
Muscle strength and related physical performance | Isokinetic quadriceps strength (Repetitive) magnetic stimulation Timed up-and-go test Stair-climb power test Cycle ergometry | One-repetition maximum Handgrip strength Timed up-and-go test Stair-climb power test |
DEXA: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA: bioelectrical impedance; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PAI: plasminogen-activator inhibitor; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography.