Variable | Females# | Males¶ | ||||
Subjects n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI)+ | Adjusted OR (95% CI)+,§ | Subjects n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI)+ | Adjusted OR (95% CI)+,§ | |
Passive smoking | ||||||
No exposure | 1714 (4.1) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 554 (5.7) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) |
Lived with smoker ≥20 years and current exposure ≥20 h per week | 1588 (3.0) | 0.73 (0.69–0.76) | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | 467 (4.2) | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | 0.80 (0.72–0.87) |
Lived with smoker ≥20 years and current exposure <20 h per week | 6809 (4.2) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.83 (0.81–0.85) | 459 (5.6) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) |
Lived with smoker <20 years | 1362 (4.2) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 60 (4.7) | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) |
Current exposure to smoking from cookingƒ | ||||||
Gas/electricity only | 4086 (3.3) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1 (0.95–1.06) | 290 (3.2) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) |
Coal | 3214 (4.1) | 1.26 (1.22–1.31) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | 168 (8.5) | 2.81 (2.40–3.29) | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) |
Wood | 3203 (5.4) | 1.66 (1.60–1.72) | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | 191 (11.7) | 4.04 (3.47–4.69) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) |
Other | 35 (1.6) | 0.49 (0.35–0.68) | 0.68 (0.48–0.96) | 5 (9.6) | 3.23 (1.28–8.12) | 1.85 (0.72–4.72) |
History of exposure to smoke from cooking## | ||||||
Gas/electricity only | 450 (2.4) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 30 (2.2) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 1.00 (0.66–1.53) |
Coal only | 718 (4.4) | 1.89 (1.75–2.03) | 1.29 (1.14–1.47) | 28 (9.8) | 4.72 (3.20–6.98) | 0.91 (0.53–1.55) |
Coal and gas/electricity | 807 (3.0) | 1.29 (1.20–1.38) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 39 (3.0) | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) | 1.00 (0.66–1.50) |
Wood only | 1598 (6.5) | 2.84 (2.70–2.99) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | 64 (11.4) | 5.62 (4.33–7.29) | 1.13 (0.81–1.57) |
Wood and gas/electricity | 1278 (5.4) | 2.35 (2.22–2.49) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 40 (6.2) | 2.87 (2.08–3.95) | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) |
Coal and wood | 842 (6.2) | 2.71 (2.53–2.91) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 28 (16.6) | 8.65 (5.76–12.97) | 1.18 (0.72–1.92) |
Coal, wood and gas/electricity | 137 (4.0) | 1.71 (1.44–2.03) | 0.83 (0.70–0.99) | 3 (3.0) | 1.36 (0.43–4.29) | 0.72 (0.24–2.13) |
Other fuel combinations | 29 (2.7) | 1.16 (0.80–1.67) | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 2 (13.3) | 6.70 (1.51–29.68) | 2.58 (0.58–11.53) |
Current exposure to smoke from heating¶¶ | ||||||
Gas/electricity/central heating only | 1604 (2.9) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 251 (3.2) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) |
Coal | 1858 (2.8) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 300 (4.8) | 1.51 (1.35–1.70) | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) |
Wood | 1624 (4.0) | 1.40 (1.33–1.47) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 249 (6.4) | 2.04 (1.80–2.32) | 1.04 (0.87–1.26) |
Other | 105 (8.8) | 3.29 (2.69–4.01) | 2.65 (2.15–3.27) | 6 (7.6) | 2.46 (1.07–5.66) | 2.03 (0.83–4.98) |
History of exposure to smoke from heating++ | ||||||
Gas/electricity/central heating only | 128 (1.3) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 36 (2.0) | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) | §§ |
Coal only | 1120 (2.8) | 2.28 (2.15–2.42) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 212 (4.8) | 2.50 (2.18–2.87) | §§ |
Coal and gas/electricity/central heating | 437 (1.7) | 1.33 (1.21–1.46) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 117 (2.8) | 1.40 (1.16–1.68) | §§ |
Wood only | 1387 (3.8) | 3.08 (2.92–3.25) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 217 (6.2) | 3.24 (2.83–3.72) | §§ |
Wood and gas/electricity/central heating | 128 (3.6) | 2.97 (2.49–3.54) | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) | 18 (4.5) | 2.29 (1.43–3.68) | §§ |
Coal and wood | 643 (2.8) | 2.27 (2.10–2.45) | 0.77 (0.71–0.84) | 67 (4.4) | 2.25 (1.76–2.88) | §§ |
Coal, wood and gas/electricity/central heating | 36 (3.7) | 3.01 (2.16–4.20) | 1.44 (1.01–2.04) | 4 (3.6) | 1.84 (0.68–4.99) | §§ |
Combinations involving other fuel types | 114 (9.2) | 7.99 (6.59–9.68) | 2.95 (2.41–3.60) | 6 (6.7) | 3.56 (1.55–8.14) | §§ |
All p-values for heterogeneity of crude odds ratios <0.0001; p<0.0001 for all adjusted odds ratios in females; p>0.05 for all adjusted odds ratios in males except passive smoking (p=0.0046). #: n=287 153; ¶: n=30 246; +: for variables with more than two categories, odds ratios and confidence intervals are floated; §: odds ratios for airflow obstruction (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grade ≥1) were adjusted for age, education, household income, region and age by region; ƒ: amongst those who cook regularly in their current home; ##: among those who have cooked regularly in all homes; ¶¶: among those who heat current their house in winter; ++: amongst those who have heated all homes in winter; §§: adjusted model did not converge for history of exposure to smoke from heating in males.