Potential immunodiagnostic biomarkers | >10 fold induction | <10 fold induction | No induction |
Chemokine | |||
CXCL8/IL-8 | [60] | [61] | [62–65] |
CXCL9/MIG | [62, 66–68] | [69, 70] | [71, 72] |
CXCL10/IP-10 | [51, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 72–85] | [61, 72] | |
CCL2/MCP1 | [60, 62] | [63, 71, 78] | [65, 69, 72, 86, 87] |
CCL3/MIP-1α | [60, 88] | [62, 65, 69, 71, 86,] | |
CCL4/MIP-1β | [60, 62, 85, 89] | [65, 69] | |
CCL7/MCP3 | [78] | ||
CCL8/MCP2 | [78, 90, 91] | [91] | [77] |
Interferon | |||
IFN-α | [62, 69] | ||
Tumour necrosis factor | |||
TNF-α | [92, 93] | [51, 63, 64] | [60–62, 65, 69, 86, 89, 94, 95] |
TNF-β | [64] | [86] | |
Interleukin | |||
IL-1β | [64, 86] | [60–62, 65] | |
IL-2 | [60, 62, 63, 65, 82, 83, 85, 86, 94] | [69, 91] | [64, 77] |
IL-4 | [60] | [63] | [51, 60, 62, 64, 69, 85, 86] |
IL-5 | [93] | [65, 78, 86] | [64, 69, 85] |
IL-6 | [60, 85] | [61, 64] | [62, 65, 69] |
IL-12(p70)/(p40) | [62] | [61] | [51, 60, 61, 63, 65, 69, 85, 86, 92] |
IL-13 | [85, 93] | [65, 94] | [60, 62, 69, 92, 95] |
IL-15 | [62] | [63, 69] | [65] |
IL-17 | [96] | [62, 65, 69, 85, 92, 95] | |
IL-22 | [96] | ||
Growth factor | |||
EGF | [51] | [89] | [65] |
TGF-β | [51] | [63, 86] | |
VEGF | [89] | [51, 60, 65] | |
Soluble receptor | |||
sCD40L | [89] | [65] | |
IL-1RA | [62] | [78] | [69] |
CXCL: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; IL: interleukin; MIG: monokine induced by interferon-γ; IP-10: interferon-γ-induced protein 10; MCP: monocyte chemotactic protein; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; sCD40L: soluble CD40 ligand; IL-1RA: IL-1 receptor antagonist. Several markers showed no or only little diagnostic potential including GRO (CXCL1) [60], stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12) [97], Fractalkine (CXC3CL1) [65, 89], I-309 (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 1) [97], regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (CCL5) [62, 69, 86], eotaxin (CCL11) [62, 65, 69], IFN-α [51, 62, 69, 98], IL-1α [65, 89], IL-7 [62, 65, 69], IL-10 [51, 60–65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 92, 94, 95, 97], IL-18 [63, 86, 92], granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [65], granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor [60, 62, 65, 69, 86], TGFα [65, 89], insulin-like growth factor-1β [65], soluble IL-2 receptor [62], soluble IL-2 receptor agonist [65], soluble IL-6 receptor [86], matrix metallopeptidase 9 [86], triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 [86].