Outcome | Model covariates | β estimate (95% CI) | p-value |
FEV1 mL | Sex, age, height, weight | 36.4 (6.7–66.1) | 0.016 |
All previous and education, study area | 38.0 (8.4–67.6) | 0.012 | |
All previous and ever-smoking, total pack-years | 13.8 (-15.5–43.2) | 0.356 | |
FVC mL | Sex, age, height, weight | -6.4 (-41.4–28.7) | 0.722 |
All previous and education, study area | -4.9 (-39.6–29.7) | 0.781 | |
All previous and ever-smoking, total pack-years | -14.5 (-49.3–20.4) | 0.416 | |
FEV1/FVC % | Sex, age, height, weight | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | <0.001 |
All previous and education, study area | 1.0 (0.5–1.4) | <0.001 | |
All previous and ever-smoking, total pack-years | 0.5 (0.1–1.0) | 0.012 | |
FEF25–75% mL·s−1 | Sex, age, height, weight | 115.2 (58.5–172.0) | <0.001 |
All previous and education, study area | 118.0 (61.9–174.1) | <0.001 | |
All previous and ever-smoking, total pack-years | 66.9 (11.4–122.5) | 0.018 |
Estimates are per natural log unit increase in bilirubin. Positive values mean higher lung function and negative values mean lower function. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEF25–75%: forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC.