Without COPD | GOLD stage I | GOLD stage II | GOLD stage III/IV | |||||
MA- | MA+ | MA- | MA+ | MA- | MA+ | MA- | MA+ | |
Subjects n | 2310 | 188 | 177 | 29 | 265 | 80 | 53 | 27 |
Males/females n | 991/1319 | 92/96 | 99/78 | 18/11 | 140/125 | 56/24* | 30/23 | 16/11 |
Age years | 52.4±15.6 | 62.6±13.5*** | 62.3±14.2 | 70.0±9.8* | 65.2±12.2 | 70.5±9.9*** | 68.5±9.0 | 74.2±6.6* |
SBP mmHg | 140±22 | 152±24*** | 147±25 | 157±28 | 150±23 | 162±25*** | 145±19 | 161±25* |
DBP mmHg | 82±12 | 87±14*** | 84±13 | 88±13 | 86±12 | 88±12 | 82±13 | 88±15 |
Cholesterol mmol·L−1 | 6.1±1.2 | 6.3±1.3* | 6.2±1.2 | 6.3±1.1 | 6.4±1.2 | 6.1±1.2 | 6.3±1.3 | 6.4±0.9 |
Creatinine mmol·L−1 | 88±14 | 96±40* | 91±14 | 94±17 | 93±17 | 100±23* | 96±19 | 105±46 |
Glucose mmol·L−1 | 5.6±1.6 | 6.9±3.3*** | 5.7±1.5 | 6.6±4.0 | 6.0±2.1 | 6.7±2.2* | 5.7±1.7 | 7.3±3.6* |
BMI kg·m−2 | 27.3±4.4 | 29.5±5.3*** | 26.8±3.8 | 27.2±3.8 | 27.8±5.1 | 27.3±4.7 | 25.8±5.8 | 26.2±3.6 |
Smoking daily | 521 (22.7) | 40 (21.7) | 50 (28.2) | 12 (41.4) | 101 (38.5) | 33 (41.8) | 26 (50.0) | 9 (33.3) |
Never smoked | 1,029 (44.5) | 71 (37.8) | 64 (36.2) | 6 (20.7) | 57 (21.5) | 16 (20.0) | 8 (15.1) | 5 (18.5) |
Diabetes | 159 (6.9) | 45 (23.9)*** | 9 (5.1) | 5 (17.2)* | 32 (12.1) | 21 (26.3)* | 9 (17.0) | 5 (18.5) |
Hypertension | 654 (28.3) | 93 (49.5)*** | 68 (38.4) | 19 (65.5)* | 166 (62.6) | 61 (76.3)* | 37 (69.8) | 20 (74.1) |
CVD | 238 (10.3) | 46 (24.5)*** | 24 (13.6) | 7 (24.1) | 62 (23.4) | 31 (38.8)* | 12 (22.6) | 13 (48.1)* |
All-cause deaths | 340 (14.7) | 72 (38.3)*** | 55 (31.1) | 15 (51.7)* | 123 (46.4) | 61 (76.3)*** | 40 (75.5) | 25 (92.6) |
Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. MA was defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio ≥2.5 mg·mmol−1 and <30 mg·mmol−1. GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; MA-: without MA; MA+: with MA; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease. *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.001.