| Males | Females | |
| Subjects | 1502 | 1755 |
| Age years | 62.9±10.4 | 61.8±10.3* |
| BMI kg·m−2 | 23.5±3.0 | 23.5±3.4 |
| Brinkman index cigarette-years | 441.0±495.6 | 17.2±89.7# |
| Mean BP mmHg | 99.8±11.0 | 95.8±10.9# |
| HbA1C % | 5.26±0.75 | 5.26±0.65 |
| ALT U·L−1 | 25.9±15.4 | 21.3±12.1*** |
| sCr mg·dL−1 | 0.78±0.27 | 0.59±0.11# |
| Triglycerides mg·dL−1 | 117.7±79.6 | 98.7±47.3# |
| Total cholesterol mg·dL−1 | 193.6±31.4 | 206.8±31.4# |
| Homocysteine μM | 12.6±6.9 | 10.0±3.7# |
| Log homocysteine | 1.08±0.13 | 0.98±0.12# |
| FVC % pred | 97.3±14.9 | 99.8±14.3# |
| FEV1 % pred | 95.6±17.5 | 99.7±15.4# |
Data are presented as n or mean±sd. Brinkman index values were not calculated for 267 male subjects and 63 female subjects due to the lack of the information on “cigarette years” or “daily consumption of cigarettes”. Data on homocysteine levels were not available for 29 male subjects and 94 female subjects. Differences between males and females were evaluated by t-test, except for Brinkman index and homocysteine levels where the Mann–Whitney U-test was used. BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; Hb: haemoglobin; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; sCr: serum creatinine; FVC: forced vital capacity; % pred: % predicted; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s. *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.001; #: p<0.0001 compared with male subjects.