| Variable | Female | Male | p-value | |||
| Subjects n | 2665 | 4053 | ||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age years | 64.8±21 | 64.2±18.2 | 0.2431 | |||
| Nursing home resident | 190 (7.1) | 189 (4.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| COPD | 469 (17.6) | 1246 (30.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 455 (17.1) | 704 (17.4) | 0.7529 | |||
| Cerebrovascular accident | 427 (16) | 533 (13.2) | 0.0010 | |||
| Liver disease | 106 (4) | 266 (6.6) | <0.001 | |||
| Renal disease | 211 (7.9) | 475 (11.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 402 (15.1) | 785 (19.4) | <0.001 | |||
| Clinical signs and laboratory findings | ||||||
| Altered mental status | 464 (17.5) | 534 (13.2) | <0.001 | |||
| Heart rate ≥125 beats·min−1 | 364 (13.7) | 483 (11.9) | 0.0352 | |||
| Respiratory rate >30 breaths·min−1 | 572 (22.5) | 741 (19.1) | 0.0011 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg | 188 (7.1) | 206 (5.1) | 0.0008 | |||
| Temperature <35°C or ≥40°C | 229 (8.6) | 270 (6.7) | 0.0031 | |||
| PaO2 <60 mmHg | 1263 (47.4) | 1974 (48.7) | 0.2922 | |||
| Blood urea nitrogen ≥30 mg·dL−1 | 621 (24.8) | 1193 (30.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Glucose ≥250 mg·dL−1 | 157 (6.1) | 258 (6.5) | 0.4883 | |||
| Sodium <130 mmol·L−1 | 227 (8.5) | 336 (8.3) | 0.7418 | |||
| Hematocrit <30% | 293 (11) | 350 (8.6) | 0.0013 | |||
| Radiological findings | ||||||
| Cavitary lesion | 5 (0.2) | 19 (0.5) | 0.0588 | |||
| Multilobar infiltrates | 371 (13.9) | 502 (12.4) | 0.0671 | |||
| Processes of care | ||||||
| Blood cultures obtained | 1759 (66) | 2928 (72) | <0.001 | |||
| Antibiotics within 8 h | 1818 (78) | 2813 (78) | 0.5698 | |||
| Oxygenation assessed# | 2616 (98) | 3998 (99) | 0.1177 | |||
| Prior pneumococcal vaccine | 400 (15) | 740 (18) | <0.001 | |||
| Prior influenza vaccine | 381 (14) | 663 (16) | 0.0225 | |||
Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PaO2: arterial oxygen tension. #: oxygenation data was not available for 769 subjects.