Table 2– Data for all subjects, subjects with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) and FEV₁/ forced vital capacity (FVC) within the normal range and for subjects with FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (LLN)

Subset of patients	No visible emphysema on HRCT	Visible emphysema on HRCT	p-value
All
Aα-Val³⁶⁰ nM	16.98 (13.15–22.29)	21.77 (15.58–27.13)	0.013
FEV₁ % pred	79.75±4.12	67.27±3.80	0.014
K_CO % pred	114.76±3.55	80.71±3.76	<0.001
FEV₁/FVC	0.62±0.03	0.48±0.14	<0.001
Subjects with FEV₁ and FEV₁/FVC >LLN
Aα-Val³⁶⁰ nM	13.98 (12.31–21.00)	22.88 (14.09–42.17)	0.071
FEV₁ % pred	100.77±2.98	100.61±2.38	0.488
K_CO % pred	114.88±5.09	93.83±10.43	0.030
FEV₁/FVC	0.77±0.01	0.70±0.02	0.003
Subjects with FEV₁/FVC <LLN
Aα-Val³⁶⁰ nM	17.96 (15.26–24.13)	21.77 (16.12–27.13)	0.141
FEV₁ % pred	62.73±4.31	61.56±3.63	0.420
K_CO % pred	114.67±5.04	78.59±3.98	<0.001
FEV₁/FVC	0.50±0.02	0.45±0.02	0.06

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean±se, unless otherwise stated. In the whole cohort, subjects with visible emphysema on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) had significantly worse lung function tests and a greater Aα-Val³⁶⁰. Similar differences were seen in subjects with a FEV₁ and FEV₁/FVC within the normal range and those with a FEV₁/FVC <LLN. % pred: % predicted; K_CO: transfer coefficient for carbon monoxide.