Table 3– Association between the “Health conscious” versus “Western” dietary pattern and wheeze
Dietary pattern#Wheeze
1–3 times≥4 times
Univariate model RR (95% CI)Multivariate model 1 aRR (95% CI)Multivariate model 2 aRR (95% CI)+Univariate model RR (95% CI)Multivariate model 1 aRR (95% CI)Multivariate model 2 aRR (95% CI)+
Year 2
 Health conscious dietary pattern
  Low adherenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  Moderate adherence1.21 (0.89–1.65)1.20 (0.88–1.65)1.19 (0.86–1.64)0.92 (0.56–1.52)0.89 (0.53–1.52)0.87 (0.50–1.51)
  High adherence1.20 (0.89–1.62)1.19 (0.87-1.62)1.16 (0.84–1.62)1.14 (0.62–2.11)1.08 (0.59–2.00)1.02 (0.54–1.91)
 Western dietary pattern
  Low adherenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  Moderate adherence0.88 (0.65–1.18)0.86 (0.64–1.16)0.84 (0.62–1.14)0.87 (0.56–1.36)0.82 (0.53–1.27)0.80 (0.51–1.23)
  High adherence0.97 (0.73–1.30)0.94 (0.68–1.29)0.89 (0.63–1.25)1.14 (0.74–1.74)0.98 (0.59–1.63)0.90 (0.50–1.63)
Year 3
 Health conscious dietary pattern
  Low adherenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  Moderate adherence0.97 (0.66–1.43)0.96 (0.65–1.41)0.97 (0.65–1.43)0.93 (0.69–1.25)0.93 (0.69–1.26)0.93 (0.68–1.27)
  High adherence1.08 (1.73–1.61)1.04 (0.70–1.55)1.04 (0.69–1.58)1.01 (0.75–1.37)0.97 (0.71–1.34)0.96 (0.69–1.34)
 Western dietary pattern
  Low adherenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  Moderate adherence0.93 (0.63–1.39)0.92 (0.62–1.38)0.94 (0.62–1.40)0.90 (0.64–1.26)0.84 (0.59–1.19)0.86 (0.60–1.22)
  High adherence1.15 (0.77–1.73)1.13 (0.75–1.71)1.15 (0.74–1.78)1.75 (1.31–2.34)1.39 (1.02 –1.89)1.47 (1.04–2.07)
Year 4
 Health conscious dietary pattern
  Low adherenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  Moderate adherence0.81 (0.56–1.19)0.78 (0.53–1.16)0.79 (0.53–1.17)0.98 (0.69–1.39)0.96 (0.67–1.37)0.93 (0.65–1.32)
  High adherence0.98 (0.67–1.44)0.94 (0.64–1.39)0.94 (0.63–1.42)1.25 (0.92–1.70)1.19 (0.87–1.64)1.09 (0.78–1.52)
 Western dietary pattern
  Low adherenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReferenceReference
  Moderate adherence0.99 (0.68–1.45)0.95 (0.65–1.39)0.95 (0.64–1.40)1.04 (0.74–1.47)0.98 (0.69–1.40)0.95 (0.67–1.36)
  High adherence1.04 (0.71–1.53)0.86 (0.57–1.29)0.84 (0.55–1.29)1.70 (1.22–2.36)1.39 (0.99–1.94)1.28 (0.89–1.83)

  • Data are presented as relative risk (RR) (95% CI) or adjusted (a)RR (95% CI). RRs are compared with low adherence to the dietary pattern. #: n=2,173. : adjusted for maternal age, maternal socioeconomic status, smoking during pregnancy, parental history of atopy, multiple parities, standard deviation score birthweight, sex, breastfeeding, vitamin D supplementation at 6–12 months, daycare attendance in the first 2 yrs of life, and history of cow's milk allergy in the first year. +: adjusted for multivariate model 1 + total energy intake. Entries in bold are statistically significant.