| Modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion | Oishi [99], Khair [15], Takizawa [16], Suzaki [17], Khan [100], Desaki [18], Suzuki [22], Kikuchi [101], Banerjee [13], Basyigit [19], Reato [102] |
| Modulation of mucus secretion | Tamaoki [27], Rubin [103], Tagaya [62], Shimizu [28], Inoue [91], Araki [30] |
| Inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis | Kadota [14], Oda [104], Khair [15], Villagrasa [105] |
| Inhibition of neutrophil survival | Yamasawa [106] |
| Stimulation of defensin secretion | Ishizawa [31] |
| Anti-bacterial effects | Khair [15], Tateda [32], Comte [107], Takaki [108], Wozniak [33], Anderson [109], Ishida [110], Araki [30], Halldorsson [111] |
| Anti-viral effects | Sato [20], Tsurita [21], Suzuki [22], Miyamoto [24], Kido [23], Asada [25], Gielen [112], Yamaya [26] |