| Source of frequency of outcome | Source of cost estimates | |
| Exacerbations due to regional pollution | ||
| Outcome | ||
| Emergency room visits | Perez [6] | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 493 and APA [10] |
| Hospitalisations | Perez [6] | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 493 and APA [10] |
| Asthma office visits | Perez [6] | MEPS [11] |
| School days absent | Perez [6] | US Census Bureau [12, 13] |
| Bronchitis episodes | Perez [6] | |
| Office visits | MEPS [11] for ICD-9 490/491 | MEPS [11] |
| Emergency room visits | MEPS [11] for ICD-9 490/491 | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 490/491 and APA [10] |
| Hospitalisations | MEPS [11] for ICD-9 490/491 | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 490/491 and APA [10] |
| School absences | Oeffinger [14] | US Census Bureau [12, 13] |
| Antibiotics | Mean of frequency of antibiotic prescription for bronchitis: Coco [15], Evertsen [16], Gonzales [17], and Nyquist [18]; frequency of use of each antibiotic types for respiratory infection: Steinman [19] | Epocrates [20] |
| Cases due to traffic proximity | ||
| Attributable to TRP | Perez [6] | Complied based on frequency and costs of outcomes for representative case as described below |
| Outcome per case per year | ||
| Office visit | Kattan [21] | MEPS [11] |
| Emergency room visits | CHIS [8] | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 493 and APA [10] |
| Hospitalisations | CHIS [8] | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 493 and APA [10] |
| School days missed | Mean of days: Tinkelman [22], Dean [23], Flores [24], Wolstein [25], Magzamen [26] and Moore [27] | US Census Bureau [12, 13] |
| Asthma medication per case per year | ||
| Controller inhalers | Mean number of controller inhalers used: CHIS [8]; frequency of types of controllers: Kattan [21] | Epocrates [20] |
| Rescue inhalers | Mean number of inhalers used: Kattan [21] | Epocrates [20] |
| Comorbidities per case per year | ||
| Non-urgent office visits | Frequency of comorbidities among asthmatics and frequency of outcomes due to comorbidity from Grupp-Phelan [28] | MEPS [11] |
| Antibiotics | Epocrates [20] | |
| Urgent care visits | MEPS [11] | |
| In-patient days | HCUP [9] and APA [10] | |
| Bronchitic episodes per case per year | Frequency of bronchitic episodes per asthma case from Perez [6]; frequency of outcomes due to bronchitis as described below | |
| Office visits | MEPS [11] for ICD-9 490/491 | MEPS [11] |
| Emergency room visits | MEPS [11] for ICD-9 490/491 | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 490/491 and APA [10] |
| Hospitalisations | MEPS [11] for ICD-9 490/491 | HCUP [9] for ICD-9 490/491 and APA [10] |
| School absences | Oeffinger [14] | US Census Bureau [12, 13] |
| Antibiotics | Mean of frequency of antibiotic prescription for bronchitis: Coco [15], Evertsen [16], Gonzales [17] and Nyquist [18]; frequency of use of each antibiotic type for respiratory infection: Steinman [19] | Epocrates [20] |
For asthma cases, the number of outcomes is the mean annual number of outcomes per asthma case (case per year). TRP: traffic-related pollution; HCUP: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; ICD: International Classifiaction of Diseases; APA: American Pediatric Association; MEPS: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; CHIS: California Health Interview Survey.