Abstract
Background The beneficial effect of improving air quality on lung function development remains understudied. We assessed associations of changes in ambient air pollution levels with lung function growth from childhood until young adulthood in a Swedish cohort study.
Methods In the prospective birth cohort BAMSE (Children, Allergy, Environment, Stockholm, Epidemiology), spirometry was conducted at the 8-year (2002–2004), 16-year (2011–2013) and 24-year follow-ups (2016–2019). Participants with spirometry data at 8 years and at least one another measurement in subsequent follow-ups were included (1509 participants with 3837 spirometry measurements). Ambient air pollution levels (particulate matter≤2.5 μm [PM2.5], particulate matter≤10 μm [PM10], black carbon [BC] and nitrogen oxides [NOx]) at residential addresses were estimated using dispersion modelling. Linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate associations between air pollution exposure change and lung function development.
Results Overall, air pollution levels decreased progressively during the study period. For example, the median (interquartile range, IQR) of PM2.5 decreased from 8.24 (0.92) μg·m−3 during 2002–2004 to 5.21 (0.67) μg·m−3 during 2016–2019. At the individual level, for each IQR reduction of PM2.5 the lung function growth rate increased by 4.63 ml year−1 (95%CI:1.64–7.61, p<0.001) for FEV1 and 9.38 ml year−1 (95%CI: 4.76–14.00, p<0.001) for FVC. Similar associations were also observed for reductions of BC and NOx. Associations persisted after adjustment for potential confounders, and were not modified by asthma, allergic sensitization, overweight, early-life air pollution exposure or antioxidant dietary intake.
Conclusions Long-term reduction of air pollution is associated with positive lung function development from childhood to young adulthood.
Footnotes
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Conflict of Interest: All authors have nothing to disclose.
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- Received September 13, 2022.
- Accepted January 29, 2023.
- Copyright ©The authors 2023. For reproduction rights and permissions contact permissions{at}ersnet.org
