Baseline characteristics | | | |
Age, median (IQR), years | 68.0 [60.0– 74.0] | 65.0 (55.0 – 73.0) | 0.24 |
Male, n (%) | 58 (71.6%) | 71 (67.6%) | 0.63 |
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 27.6 (24.9 – 31.7) | 30.1 (26.5 – 33.7) | 0.010 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | | | |
Number of comorbidities | 3 (2 – 4) | 2 (1 – 4) | 0.005 |
Hypertension | 61 (75.3%) | 52 (49.5%) | <0.001 |
Chronic cardiac disease | 15 (18.5%) | 15 (14.3%) | 0.55 |
Chronic respiratory disease a | 21 (25.9%) | 16 (15.2%) | 0.095 |
Chronic renal disease | 16 (19.8%) | 10 (9.5%) | 0.055 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 30 (37.0%) | 57 (54.3%) | 0.026 |
Diabetes mellitus | 35 (43.2%) | 26 (24.8%) | 0.011 |
Immunodepression b | 28 (34.6%) | 11 (10.5%) | <0.001 |
Solid organ transplant | 13 (46.4%) | 8 (72.7%) | - |
Active malignancy | 11 (39.3%) | 0 | - |
Autoimmune disease | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (18.2%) | - |
Chronic immunosuppressor treatment | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (5.6%) | - |
Active or former smoker | 30 (37.0) | 42 (40.0%) | 0.76 |
Disease chronology, median (IQR) | | | |
Days from last vaccine dose to COVID-19 symptoms | 75.0 (47.0 – 95.0) | - | - |
Days from COVID-19 onset to hospital admission | 6.0 (4.0 – 8.0) | 8.0 (6.0 – 10.0) | <0.001 |
Days from hospital admission to ICU admission | 1.0 (0 – 3.0) | 1.0 (0 – 3.0) | 0.20 |
Days from ICU admission to IMV | 1.0 (0 – 3.0) | 0 (0 – 1.0) | 0.001 |
ICU admission, median (IQR) | | | |
APACHE II score | 12 (9 – 17) | 10 (8 – 13) | 0.003 |
SOFA score | 4 (3 – 5) | 4 (3 – 6) | 0.64 |
Adjuvant treatments, n (%) | | | |
COVID-19 therapies | 28 (34.6) | 12 (11.4%) | <0.001 |
Remdesivir | 21 (75.0%) | 7 (58.3%) | - |
Tocilizumab | 14 (50.0%) | 3 (25.0%) | - |
Convalescent plasma | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (16.7%) | - |
Subcutaneous heparin | 77 (95.1%) | 104 (99.0%) | 0.17 |
Low dose (≤1 mg/kg/day) | 61 (75.3%) | 76 (73.1%) | - |
High doe (>1 mg/kg/day) | 16 (19.8%) | 28 (26.9%) | - |
Vasopressor treatment | 37 (45.7%) | 58 (55.2%) | 0.24 |
Continuous neuromuscular blockers | 39 (48.1%) | 70 (66.7%) | 0.016 |
Corticosteroids | 76 (93.8%) | 104 (99.0%) | 0.087 |
Supportive therapies, n (%) | | | |
High-flow oxygen cannula | 65 (80.2%) | 56 (53.3%) | <0.001 |
NIMV | 21 (25.9%) | 25 (23.8%) | 0.86 |
IMV | 45 (55.6%) | 76 (72.4%) | 0.020 |
Prone position | 42 (51.9%) | 62 (59.0%) | 0.23 |
ECMO support | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1.00 |
Renal replacement therapy | 10 (12.3%) | 4 (3.8%) | 0.047 |
Limitation of life-sustaining care | 16 (19.7%) | 7 (6.7%) | 0.012 |
Complications, n (%) | | | |
Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia c | 22 (27.2%) | 45 (42.9%) | 0.032 |
Ventilator-associated pneumonia | 16 (72.7%) | 35 (77.8%) | 0.76 |
Microbiological diagnosisd | 18 (81.8%) | 42 (93.3%) | 0.21 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 7 (38.9%) | 10 (23.8%) | - |
Klebsiella spp. | 4 (22.2) | 2 (4.8%) | - |
Staphylococcus aureus | 3 (16.7%) | 11 (26.2%) | - |
Acinetobacter baumannii | 2 (11.1%) | 2 (4.8%) | - |
Other | 5 (27.8%) | 20 (47.6%) | - |
Acute renal injury e | 23 (28.4%) | 25 (23.8%) | 0.50 |
Pulmonary embolism | 6 (7.4%) | 8 (7.6%) | 1.00 |
Myocardial infarction | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1.00 |
Heart failure | 3 (3.7%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.65 |
Stroke | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.9%) | 0.51 |
Liver dysfunction f | 32 (39.5%) | 32 (30.5%) | 0.22 |
Outcomes | | | |
28-day mortality, % | 24 (29.6%) | 27 (25.7%) | 0.62 |
ICU-mortality, % | 27 (33.3%) | 30 (28.6%) | 0.52 |
In-hospital mortality, % | 28 (34.6%) | 30 (28.6%) | 0.43 |
Length of IMV, days, median (IQR) | 19.0 (9.0 – 28.0) | 20.0 (10.0 – 29.0) | 0.51 |
Length of ICU stay, days, median (IQR) | 11.0 (7.0 – 30.0) | 15.0 (9.0 – 30.0) | 0.044 |
Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR) | 19.0 (14.0 – 36.0) | 21.0 (14.0 – 36.0) | 0.31 |