Abstract
Over 75% of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 have abnormal patient-reported outcome measures 3 months after symptom onset, with a third of patients reporting at least moderate impairment in major dimensions of quality of life.
Introduction
Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are standardised validated questionnaires completed by patients to provide information on their perceived functional well-being and health status [1]. These questionnaires can address various aspects of health including symptoms, quality of life, functionality, physical, mental, and social well-being. PROMs play an important role in increasing patient engagement, improving health systems, and ensuring that clinical care and research is person-centered.
Initial research efforts in coronavirus-2019 disease (COVID-19) have appropriately been focused on its acute presentation and management. Over time, there have been studies investigating the short-term sequelae after COVID-19 with a focus on physiologic and radiologic abnormalities [2]. Studies exploring health status from the patient perspective have mainly evaluated the presence or absence of persistent symptoms, without more sophisticated or comprehensive analyses [3].
There are thus limited data on PROMs in patients recovering from COVID-19, despite this information being critical for optimising patient care. Our objective was to describe the impact of COVID-19 from the patient's perspective, including assessment of quality of life, frailty, dyspnea, mood, and sleep approximately 3 months after symptom onset.
Methods
A prospective consecutive cohort was recruited from the Post-COVID-19 Respiratory Clinic (PCRC) located in two academic hospitals. The PCRC was established to facilitate follow-up of all patients discharged after hospitalisation for COVID-19 in Vancouver, Canada. Referrals were received for patients as part of a standardised discharge protocol from all hospitals in the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, which services over 1.25 million people in urban Vancouver and coastal regions north of the city [4]. Patients aged 18 years or older who were hospitalised from March to June, 2020 with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and able to complete surveys in English were included. There were no exclusion criteria. Informed consent was obtained from all patients (UBC Clinical Research Ethics Board #H20-01239).
Patients completed questionnaires at the initial clinic visit approximately 3 months after initial symptom onset, including the 5 level EuroQoL 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D-5 L), Frailty Index, University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. We compared results to established age and population adjusted norms where available [5–8]. The provided normal threshold for dyspnea is based on double the value of the minimum clinically important difference given the absence of an established normal range [9]. Results were stratified by the presence or absence of baseline comorbidities as identified from the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) [10]. The Frailty Index and CCI have previously been described and used to study patients with pulmonary conditions, such as interstitial lung disease [10–12]. A Wilcoxon-rank sum test was used to determine whether there were differences in PROMs between patients who were and were not mechanically ventilated, using this variable as a marker of acute illness severity. All analyses were performed using R version 3.6.3 (R Foundation).
Results
A total of 101 patients were referred to the PCRC during the enrolment window, of whom 10 declined research participation, 8 were seen virtually and could not complete questionnaires, and 5 did not meet criteria for lab confirmed SARS-CoV-2. The final 78 included patients (64% male) had a mean age of 62 (sd, 16) years and 32% were current or former smokers who had a median pack-years of 17 (interquartile range 1–31). The most common pre-existing comorbidities identified by the CCI were diabetes (26%), pulmonary disease (8%), and history of myocardial infarction (8%), with 59% of patients not having any comorbidities. Patients were assessed a median of 13 (interquartile range, 11–14) weeks after symptom onset. At least one abnormal PROM was reported in 76% of patients, and 56% had at least 2 abnormal PROMs (fig. 1). The most frequently impaired outcomes were quality of life (51%) and dyspnea (50%). Twenty-three percent of patients reported the presence of cough. Of the patients with at least one Charlson comorbidity, 84% had an abnormal PROM and 38% reported at least a moderate problem in one or more EQ-5D-5 L dimensions. A higher proportion of these patients reported impairments with self-care and anxiety or depression compared to patients without any Charlson comorbidities at baseline (13% versus 4% for self-care and 22% versus 9% for anxiety or depression). Of the patients without any Charlson comorbidities, 70% had an abnormal PROM and 33% reported at least a moderate problem in one or more EQ-5D-5 L dimensions. A higher proportion of these patients reported impairment with usual activities compared to patients who had a Charlson comorbidity (20% versus 13%). There were no significant differences in PROMs between patients who were and were not mechanically ventilated.
a) Patient reported outcomes 3 months after COVID-19 symptom onset stratified by the presence (red) or absence (blue) of Charlson comorbidities. Each circle represents a patient and the box represents the median and interquartile range. The y-axis shows the complete range of possible scores, and areas shaded in grey represent the normal range based on population adjusted norms where available. The provided normal threshold for dyspnea is based on double the value of the minimum clinically important difference given the absence of an established normal range. b) Percentage of patients with impairment in each dimension of the EQ-5D-5 L. Results are shown for the total cohort (black), and stratified by the presence (red) or absence (blue) of pre-existing Charlson comorbidities. Each dimension has 5 levels: no problems, slight problems, moderate problems, severe problems, and extreme problems. Patients who reported moderate problems or worse for a given dimension were considered to have impairment. Abbreviations: PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; UCSD, University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire; VAS, Visual Analog Scale.
Discussion
In this prospective cohort, we show that 76% of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 have abnormal PROMs 3 months after symptom onset, with a third of patients reporting at least moderate impairment in major dimensions of quality of life. These findings were similar in patients with and without major pre-existing comorbidities, suggesting that many of these deficits are likely ongoing consequences of COVID-19. This adds further evidence that patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 continue to struggle following recovery from the acute phase of this disease with a diverse range of impairments that extend beyond respiratory sequelae.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to report comprehensive PROMs in patients after hospitalisation for COVID-19. Our results are relevant to patients, clinicians, and policymakers regarding long term outcomes of COVID-19, supporting the design of appropriate discharge pathways, clinical standards, and future studies that are aligned with patient needs. The importance of PROMs in understanding the impact of COVID-19 has been acknowledged with their inclusion in prospective registries [13]. A greater emphasis on integrating PROMs, in addition to increasing patient engagement, in future studies is needed to ensure that clinical and research efforts are truly patient-centered.
This study is limited by the lack of baseline PROMs; however, we categorised patients based on the presence or absence of Charlson comorbidities in an effort to address the impact that previous health status may have had on PROMs. Furthermore, we attempted to compare results to adjusted norms; however, such data were not available for all PROMs which limits interpretation of study findings. Age and population-matched norms were available for EQ5D-VAS, with over half of previously hospitalised COVID-19 survivors having lower quality of life 3 months after symptom onset compared to other Canadians of similar age.
Over 16 million people have recovered from COVID-19 worldwide [14]; however, the long-term consequences of this disease remain largely unknown. Initial studies suggest that a significant proportion of patients are likely to have persistent physiologic and radiographic abnormalities [15, 16]. Our findings highlight the impact that COVID-19 has on patients even after reported recovery from acute manifestations of this disease, and emphasise the need for a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to deliver the most appropriate care to these patients.
Footnotes
Support statement: TB Vets charitable foundation; Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000245; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008002; University of British Columbia's Strategic Investment Fund.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Wong has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Johnston has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Carlsten has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Ryerson has nothing to disclose.
- Received August 26, 2020.
- Accepted September 16, 2020.
- Copyright ©ERS 2020
This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.
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