Abstract
Assessing respiratory mechanics and muscle function is critical for both clinical practice and research purposes. Several methodological developments over the past two decades have enhanced our understanding of respiratory muscle function and responses to interventions across the spectrum of health and disease. They are especially useful in diagnosing, phenotyping and assessing treatment efficacy in patients with respiratory symptoms and neuromuscular diseases. Considerable research has been undertaken over the past sixteen years since publication of the previous ATS/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing in 2002. Key advances were made in the field of mechanics of breathing, respiratory muscle neurophysiology (electromyography, electroencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation) and on respiratory muscle imaging (ultrasound, optoelectronic plethysmography, structured light plethysmography). Accordingly, this ERS task force reviewed the field of respiratory muscle testing in health and disease with particular reference to data obtained since the previous ATS/ERS statement. It sums up the most recent scientific and methodological developments regarding respiratory mechanics and respiratory muscle assessment by addressing the validity, precision, reproducibility, prognostic value and responsiveness to interventions of various methods. A particular emphasis is placed on assessment during exercise, which is a useful condition to stress the respiratory system.
Footnotes
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Conflict of interest: Dr. Laveneziana reports personal fees from NOVARTIS France, personal fees from BOEHRINGER France, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Albuquerque has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Aliverti reports In addition, Dr. Aliverti has a patent Optoelectronic plethysmography licensed to BTS Bioengineering.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Babb has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Barreiro has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Dres reports personal fees from Lungpacer, non-financial support from Pulsion Medical System, Maquet, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Dubé reports grants and personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and personal fees from Roche, personal fees from GSK, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: Dr. FAUROUX has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Gea has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Guenette has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Hudson reports grants from Lung Foundation Australia, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, during the conduct of the study; grants from Rebecca L. Cooper Foundation, grants from Lung Foundation Australia, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), grants from
Conflict of interest: Joachim Kabitz
Conflict of interest: Dr. Laghi reports grants from National Institutes of Health, grants from VA Research Service, grants from Liberate Medical LLC, grants from National Science Foundation, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Langer has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Luo has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Polkey reports personal fees and other from Amicus, personal fees and other from Genzyme sanofi, personal fees and other from Biomarin, other from Orion, during the conduct of the study.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Rabinovich has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. ROSSI has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Sériès has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. SIMILOWSKI reports personal fees from Pierre Fabre Médicament, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boerhinger Ingelheim France, personal fees from GSK, personal fees and non-financial support from Novartis, personal fees from Lungpacer Inc., personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from Chiesi, personal fees from Invacare, outside the submitted work.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Spengler has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. VOGIATZIS has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Verges has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. Neder has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Dr. O'Donnell reports grants from AstraZeneca, grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees from Almirall, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Pfizer, outside the submitted work.
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