Germline BMP9 mutation causes idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).

From the Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine & FuWai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (X.-J.W., X.J., T.-Y.L., S.-F.L., S.-Q.L., J.Y., C.-Y.C., Y.D., X.-Q.X., Y.W., F.-H.P., K.S., Z.-C.J.); Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (W.-H.W., R.J.); Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China (Y.-M.M.); Novogene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China (H.Y., C.L.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA (J.S.); Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (S.-Y. Z.) and McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X.Z.).