Corticosteroids | 1)The panel recommends to offer treatment with corticosteroids for patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen, non-invasive ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation | Strong recommendation for the intervention | Moderate |
2)The panel recommends NOT to offer treatment with corticosteroids for patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation but not requiring supplementary oxygen or ventilatory support | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
IL-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody | 3)The panel recommends to offer IL-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody therapy to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen or non-invasive ventilatory support in addition to systemic corticosteroids | Strong recommendation for the intervention | High |
4)The panel suggests NOT to offer IL-6 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody to patients not requiring supplementary oxygen | Conditional recommendation against the intervention | Low |
Hydroxychloroquine | 5)The panel recommends NOT to offer hydroxychloroquine to patients with COVID-19, including hospitalised patients and outpatients | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
Azithromycin | 6)The panel recommends NOT to offer azithromycin to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in the absence of bacterial infection, including hospitalised patients and outpatients | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
Azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine | 7)The panel recommends NOT to offer hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in combination to patients with COVID-19 | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
Colchicine | 8)The panel recommends NOT to offer colchicine to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
Lopinavir-ritonavir | 9)The panel recommends NOT to offer lopinavir-ritonavir to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Low |
Remdesivir | 10) No recommendation is made regarding the use of remdesivir in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 and not requiring invasive mechanical ventilation | No recommendation | Moderate |
11) The panel suggests NOT to offer remdesivir to patients hospitalised with COVID-19 infection who require invasive mechanical ventilation | Conditional recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
Interferon-β | 12) The panel suggests NOT to offer interferon-β to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 | Conditional recommendation against the intervention | Very low |
Anticoagulation | 13) The panel recommends to offer a form of anticoagulation to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 | Strong recommendation for the intervention | Moderate |
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | 14) The panel suggests to offer non-invasive CPAP delivered through either a helmet or a facemask for patients with COVID-19 and hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure without an immediate need for invasive mechanical intubation | Conditional recommendation for the intervention | High |
High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) | 15) The panel suggests to offer HFNO therapy for patients with COVID-19 and hypoxaemic acute respiratory failure without an immediate need for invasive mechanical intubation, and who are unsuitable for CPAP due to intolerance or adverse effects | Conditional recommendation for the intervention | Moderate |
Convalescent plasma | 16) The panel recommends NOT to offer convalescent plasma to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 patients | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Low |
Specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies | 17) The panel suggests to offer a combination of casirivimab and imdevimab to patients hospitalised with COVID-19 who have no detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (seronegative) and infection with a susceptible variant | Conditional recommendation for the intervention | Moderate |
18) The panel recommends NOT to offer monoclonal antibodies to patients hospitalised with COVID-19 who have detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (seropositive) or where SARS-CoV-2 antibody status is unknown | Strong recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
IL-1 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibody | 19) The panel suggests NOT to offer IL-1 receptor antagonist monoclonal antibodies for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 | Conditional recommendation against the intervention | Moderate |
JAK inhibitors | 20) The panel recommends to offer treatment with baricitinib to hospitalised patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen, or on high flow oxygen devices, or on non-invasive ventilation | Strong recommendation for the intervention | High |
21) The panel suggests NOT to offer JAK inhibitors other than baricitinib to hospitalised patients with COVID-19, except in clinical trials or when other recommended immunomodulators are not available | Conditional recommendation against the intervention | Low |
22) The panel suggests NOT to offer JAK inhibitors to patients with COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation but not requiring supplementary oxygen | Conditional recommendation against the intervention | Low |