Subjects n | 572 | 75 | |
Age years | 85.7±4.5 | 85.7±4.2 | 0.715 |
Male sex | 307 (54) | 56 (75) | 0.001 |
Smoking habit | | | 0.001 |
No smoker | 331 (59) | 26 (37) | 0.001 |
Current smoker | 42 (7) | 4 (6) | 0.603 |
Former smoker | 193 (34) | 40 (57) | <0.001 |
Current alcohol consumer | 36 (6) | 6 (8) | 0.456 |
Prior antibiotic use in the past 90 days | 128 (23) | 30 (40) | 0.001 |
Prior hospitalisation in the past 90 days | 38 (7) | 10 (14) | 0.038 |
Prior recovery of PES pathogens | 1 (0.2) | 3 (4) | 0.006 |
Influenza vaccine | 239 (56) | 32 (62) | 0.434 |
Pneumococcal vaccine | 109 (25) | 19 (37) | 0.070 |
Previous inhaled corticosteroids | 109 (20) | 23 (32) | 0.015 |
Previous systemic corticosteroids | 31 (6) | 4 (7) | >0.999 |
Previous episode of pneumonia in the past year | 74 (14) | 24 (33) | <0.001 |
Comorbidities¶ | 442 (78) | 64 (86) | 0.082 |
Chronic respiratory disease | 249 (44) | 41 (57) | 0.044 |
Non-CF bronchiectasis | 27 (5) | 4 (6) | 0.771 |
COPD | 109 (19) | 26 (36) | 0.001 |
Chronic cardiovascular disease | 130 (23) | 10 (14) | 0.069 |
Diabetes mellitus | 134 (24) | 21 (28) | 0.388 |
Neurological disease | 122 (22) | 18 (25) | 0.547 |
Dementia | 38 (7) | 5 (7) | >0.999 |
Stroke | 21 (4) | 4 (6) | 0.515 |
Parkinson's disease | 13 (2) | 3 (4) | 0.413 |
Chronic renal disease | 68 (12) | 14 (19) | 0.087 |
Chronic liver disease | 14 (2) | 3 (4) | 0.432 |
Nursing home | 68 (12) | 15 (21) | 0.040 |
Living independently | | | 0.166 |
Total | 298 (61) | 34 (49) | 0.059 |
Partial | 138 (28) | 26 (38) | 0.111 |
Not living independently | 51 (11) | 9 (13) | 0.519 |
Fever | 404 (72) | 49 (66) | 0.346 |
Confusion | 142 (25) | 25 (34) | 0.094 |
C-reactive protein ≥15 g·dL−1 | 293 (66) | 30 (47) | 0.003 |
Lymphocytes <724 cells per mm3 | 178 (45) | 30 (50) | 0.444 |
SOFA score | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.008 |
PSI score | 120 (102–141) | 133 (118–159) | 0.002 |
Severe CAP | 137 (34) | 39 (67) | <0.001 |
Bacteraemia+ | 122 (27) | 20 (41) | 0.051 |
Pleural effusion | 91 (16) | 10 (14) | 0.547 |
Multilobar | 140 (24) | 19 (25) | 0.871 |
ARDS | 36 (7) | 3 (4) | 0.607 |
Acute renal failure | 214 (38) | 29 (41) | 0.684 |
Septic shock | 38 (7) | 9 (12) | 0.088 |
Appropriate empirical treatment | 537 (95) | 47 (64) | <0.001 |
Do-not-resuscitate order | 51 (9) | 17 (23) | <0.001 |
ICU admission | 85 (15) | 12 (16) | 0.795 |
Mechanical ventilation§ | | | 0.214 |
Noninvasive | 17 (3) | 2 (3) | 0.965 |
Invasive | 23 (5) | 6 (10) | 0.079 |
Length of hospital stay days | 8 (6–12) | 11 (6–16) | 0.002 |
Re-admission in next month | 53 (9) | 7 (9) | 0.990 |
In-hospital mortalityƒ | 48 (10) | 10 (18) | 0.064 |
30-day mortalityƒ | 48 (10) | 10 (18) | 0.064 |
1-year mortalityƒ | 61 (12) | 14 (25) | 0.010 |