Abstract
Background Guidelines recommend invasive mediastinal staging for centrally located tumours, even in radiological N0 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no uniform definition of a central tumour that is more predictive of occult mediastinal metastasis.
Methods A total of 1337 consecutive patients with radiological N0 disease underwent invasive mediastinal staging. Tumours were categorised into central and peripheral by seven different definitions.
Results About 7% (93 out of 1337) of patients had occult N2 disease, and they had significantly larger tumour size and more solid tumours on computed tomography. After adjustment for patient- and tumour-related characteristics, only the central tumour definition of the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines arising from the midline significantly predicted occult N2 disease (adjusted OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.17–3.87; p=0.013). This association was maintained after excluding patients with pure ground-glass nodules (adjusted OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.37–4.71; p=0.003) or only including those with solid tumours (adjusted OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.08–4.88; p=0.030).
Conclusions We suggest that a central tumour should be defined using the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines from the midline. This is particularly useful for predicting occult N2 disease in patients with NSCLC.
Abstract
Central tumours defined as located in the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines from the midline are associated with occult mediastinal metastasis in patients with NSCLC and radiological N0 disease http://ow.ly/scg630nbRmY
Introduction
Accurate mediastinal staging is an essential step in the management of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without distant metastases [1]. Noninvasive imaging studies including computed tomography (CT) and integrated positron emission tomography (PET)-CT are initially performed to evaluate mediastinal lymph node stage. This is followed by pathological confirmation for positive or inconclusive findings using endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in most cases [1]. In the absence of mediastinal metastasis on CT or PET-CT images, invasive mediastinal staging is recommended only when there are one or more risk factors for occult mediastinal metastasis, such as N1 lymph node enlargement, tumour size >3 cm or central location [1–3].
However, there is no uniform definition of the “central location” of tumours, even among major practice guidelines. The American College of Chest Physicians guidelines define tumours in the inner one-third of the hemithorax as centrally located [2], while the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the European Society of Thoracic Surgery (ESTS) guidelines define those in the inner two-thirds of the hemithorax as centrally located [1, 3]. This is at least partially responsible for the inconsistent findings in many studies that investigated the association between tumour location and risk of occult N2 disease using different definitions for centrally located tumours [4–13]. Likewise, a recent survey disclosed the lack of agreement among physicians regarding the definition of a “central tumour” [14]. Nevertheless, there are no studies comparing different definitions of central tumours, particularly when applying the definition in terms to predict occult N2 disease in patients with radiological N0 disease.
Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the risk of occult N2 disease in patients with NSCLC and radiological N0 disease using seven different definitions for centrally located tumours.
Methods
Study population and data collection
Using the Lung Cancer Surgery Registry and EBUS-TBNA Registry database at Samsung Medical Center (a 1979-bed referral hospital in Seoul, South Korea), patients with NSCLC and radiological N0 disease by both CT and PET-CT were retrospectively identified from the registries between January 2014 and December 2015. Radiological N0 stage was defined as short axis of lymph nodes ≤1 cm on CT and maximum standardised uptake value of lymph nodes ≤2.5 on PET-CT [15]. Patients with a previous history of lung cancer, a previous history of mediastinal lymph node dissection (MLND) due to oesophageal cancer, who underwent neoadjuvant treatment, who did not undergo standard MLND (i.e. mediastinal sampling or lung resection only) or with double primary lung cancer with different histology were excluded.
Information regarding patient-related characteristics (age, sex and smoking) and tumour-related characteristics (size, lobar location and histology) were collected from the database. The primary outcome of this study was occult mediastinal lymph node metastasis (occult N2 disease), which was defined as pathologically proven (either by MLND or by EBUS-TBNA) N2 or N3 disease based on the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer lymph node map [16]. The Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center approved this study (2017-12-088-002) and waived informed consent due to its retrospective nature.
Definitions for central tumour location
Tumour locations were measured based on the inner-most part of the tumour on CT. Based on a previous study [14], tumours were categorised as central and peripheral by contact with hilar structures (i.e. lobar bronchi, lobar or main pulmonary arteries, main pulmonary veins) or by location within one-third or two-thirds of the hemithorax. Lines dividing thirds of the hemithorax were drawn as follows: concentric lines arising from the hilum in both axial and coronal images, concentric lines arising from the midline in axial images, and sagittal lines arising from the midline in coronal images (figures 1 and 2).
Definitions of lines that determine tumour location. CT: computed tomography. Concentric lines arising from the hilum (yellow lines) are spherical or dumbbell shaped in three dimensions. Concentric lines arising from the midline (red lines) are cylindrical or conical in three dimensions. Sagittal lines arising from the midline (blue lines) are rectangular parallelepipeds in three dimensions. Solid lines and broken lines refer to the inner one-third and two-thirds lines, respectively. a) Coronal CT at the tracheal bifurcation level. b) Axial CT image at the manubrium body level. There is no yellow line because it arises from the hilum. c) Axial CT image at the hilum level. The red and yellow lines are the same. d) Axial CT image at just above the diaphragm. There is no yellow line because it arises from the hilum.
Conceptual three-dimensional images of a) concentric lines arising from the hilum (corresponding to the yellow lines in figure 1), b) concentric lines arising from the midline (corresponding to the red lines in figure 1) and c) sagittal lines arising from the midline (corresponding to the blue lines in figure 1).
Invasive mediastinal staging
Patients with radiological N0 disease without distant metastasis either underwent pre-operative EBUS-TBNA or directly proceeded to surgical resection at the discretion of attending physicians, since there was no consistent indication for pre-operative EBUS-TBNA in patients with radiological N0 disease. EBUS-TBNA was performed with a convex probe EBUS bronchoscope (BF-UC260F-OL8; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and a 22-gauge needle (NA-201SX-4022; Olympus) under moderate sedation with intravenous midazolam and fentanyl. After systematic inspection of lymph node stations, each visible lymph node was sampled in the standard N3 to N2 to N1 fashion, with size cut-offs of ≥5 mm in the short axis by EBUS. We conducted three passes per node and at least two passes when core tissue was obtained [17, 18]. Transoesophageal bronchoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA-B) using the EBUS bronchoscope was done in selected cases [19]. Rapid on-site cytopathological evaluation was not available. When the clinical suspicion of mediastinal metastasis remained high despite a negative result in EBUS-TBNA, pre-operative mediastinoscopy was performed. Otherwise, surgical resection with MLND was considered if there was no metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes in EBUS-TBNA.
The surgical procedures included resection of the affected lung plus lymph node dissection of the ipsilateral hilum and mediastinum, including all visible and palpable lymph nodes irrespective of size [20, 21]. MLND consisted of en bloc resections of all nodes at stations 10R, 9, 8, 7, 4R, 3 and 2R for right-sided tumours and nodes at stations 10L, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5 and 4L for left-sided tumours.
Statistical analyses
Data are reported as number (percentage) for categorical variables and as mean with standard deviation for continuous variables. Data were compared using the Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and the t-test for continuous variables. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounding factors in the association between seven central tumour definitions and occult N2 disease. Two models were constructed: Model 1 was adjusted for tumour size (continuous) and tumour attenuation on CT; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for age (continuous), sex, smoking history (never-smoker or ever-smoker) and lobar location (right or left) of tumour. Analyses were also performed in subgroups of patients excluding pure ground-glass lesions (n=861) and in those with solid tumours only (n=485). All tests were two-sided and a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Stata version 14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used for analysis.
Results
Study population
During the study period, 159 patients in the EBUS-TBNA Registry were suspected to have radiological N0 NSCLC and underwent EBUS-TBNA for nodal staging (figure 3). Of these patients, 10 were confirmed to have N2 disease. The remaining 149 patients underwent curative resection. In the Lung Cancer Surgery Registry, 1526 patients underwent curative resection for radiological N0 NSCLC. After 199 patients were excluded (mediastinal sampling only (n=135), previous history of lung cancer (n=29), lung resection without MLND (n=12), lung resection after neoadjuvant treatment (n=11), previous history of MLND due to oesophageal cancer (n=7) and double primary lung cancer (n=5)), 83 patients were confirmed to have N2 disease by MLND. Finally, 93 (7.0%) patients were confirmed to have occult N2 disease by EBUS-TBNA or MLND in 1337 patients with radiological N0 disease. Of these 93 patients with occult N2 disease, two also had metastases to N3 lymph nodes. Meanwhile, there were 27 patients who received pre-operative mediastinoscopy and none of them was found to have occult N2 disease.
CONSORT diagram of the study population. EBUS-TBNA: endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration; NSCLC: nonsmall cell lung cancer; MLND: mediastinal lymph node dissection; pN: pathological nodal stage.
Patient and tumour characteristics
Characteristics of the 1337 patients are shown in table 1. The mean age of patients was 62 years, 53% of patients were male and 52% of patients were never-smokers. Tumour size was ≤3 cm in 63% of cases. CT attenuation was solid in 36% of cases and most tumours (82%) were adenocarcinoma on histology. Baseline characteristics including age, sex, smoking history, tumour location and tumour histology were not associated with the risk of occult N2 disease in univariate analysis. However, larger tumour size (p<0.001) and increasing tumour attenuation on CT (p=0.001) were significantly associated with increased risk of occult N2 disease. Time interval between PET-CT and surgery, and the number of dissected nodes or dissected lymph node stations, were not associated with the increased risk of occult N2 disease.
Clinical characteristics by pathological nodal stage in patients with radiological N0 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Central tumour definition and the risk of occult N2 disease
The proportion of centrally located tumours varied widely from 9.1% to 80.3% using seven different definitions (table 2). By all definitions except the inner two-thirds of the hemithorax by sagittal lines, the central location was associated with increased risk of occult N2 disease in univariate analysis. However, only the central location defined as the inner one-third of the hemithorax by concentric lines arising from the midline remained statistically significant after adjustment for tumour size and attenuation on CT (adjusted OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.14–3.71; p=0.017), and with further adjustment for age, sex, smoking history and lobar location of tumour (adjusted OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.17–3.87; p=0.013).
Risk of occult N2 disease according to each definition of a centrally located tumour in patients with radiological N0 nonsmall cell lung cancer
When the analyses were confined to patients excluding pure ground-glass lesions (n=861) (supplementary tables E1 and E2) or those with solid tumours only (n=485) (supplementary tables E3 and E4), results were grossly unchanged. The definition of the inner one-third of the hemithorax by concentric lines arising from the midline was significantly associated with increased risk of occult N2 disease in both subgroups excluding pure ground-glass lesions (adjusted OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.37–4.71; p=0.003) and subgroups with solid tumours only (adjusted OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.08–4.88; p=0.030).
Discussion
In our study, the prevalence of pathologically proven occult N2 disease in patients with NSCLC and radiological N0 disease was 7%. Previously recognised factors, including tumour size, tumour attenuation on CT and tumour histology, were again associated with risk of occult N2 disease [5, 8, 9, 11–13, 22]. After adjustment for these factors, only the central tumours defined as located in the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines from the midline were associated with increased risk of occult N2 disease, among the seven different definitions compared in this study. In the subgroup analyses excluding pure ground-glass lesions or patients with solid tumours only, the association persisted. To the best of our knowledge, our study included the largest number of patients with NSCLC exclusively with radiological N0 disease. In addition, this is the first study to compare different definitions of central tumours to predict occult N2 disease.
Previous studies mostly found that central tumours have higher risk of occult N2 disease in patients with radiological N0 NSCLC, compared with peripheral tumours. However, there are considerable inconsistencies in the definitions of centrally located tumours, especially regarding the inner one-third versus inner two-thirds in the hemithorax. Among studies which used the inner one-third as the definition of central tumours, three studies restricted their study population to those with radiological N0 disease [7, 10, 13]. Central location was independently associated with occult N2 disease in two studies (adjusted OR 6.8 and 6.25; both p<0.001) [10, 13], while it was not associated with occult N2 disease in a smaller study [7]. Similarly, two studies in patients with radiological N0 disease used the inner two-thirds as the definition of central tumours [5, 9]. One of these studies showed that central location was associated with occult N2 disease in a univariate analysis (p<0.001) [5] and the other study also demonstrated the increased risk of occult N2 disease in patients with central tumours (adjusted OR 3.2; p=0.002) [9]. Of note, there was one study in which both definitions, i.e. inner one-third and inner two-thirds, were evaluated for risk of pathological N2 disease, which revealed that neither was associated with pathological N2 disease [11]. However, that study included a considerable number of patients with radiological N1, N2 or even N3 disease by CT or PET-CT, which might explain the negative results. By confining the study population to radiological N0 stage and adjusting for major confounders, our study confirmed that location in the inner one-third by concentric lines arising from the midline is the definition of a central tumour that best predicts occult N2 disease.
The most intriguing finding of our study is the difference between two types of concentric lines. Those arising from the hilum, which are the same as concentric lines used in an online survey [14], were less predictive of occult N2 disease compared with those arising from the midline. This might be explained by the presence of skip metastasis to mediastinal lymph nodes, which is not an uncommon phenomenon in NSCLC [23, 24]. Compared with central tumours defined by concentric lines arising from the hilum, those defined by concentric lines arising from the midline are more likely to encompass tumours in apical regions or just above the diaphragm near the midline. Tumours located in those regions might directly metastasise to upper paratracheal (station 2), supraclavicular (station 1), para-oesophageal (station 8) or pulmonary ligament (station 9) lymph nodes and not through hilar lymph nodes. Indeed, previous cadaveric studies found that 23.6% of segmental lymph channels drain directly into mediastinal lymph nodes, which were more frequent from upper lobes [25], and that lymphatic vessels from the diaphragmatic pleura drained to mediastinal lymph nodes via pulmonary ligaments [26].
Our study also compared dividing lines for the central location: concentric lines arising from the hilum in both axial and coronal images versus concentric lines arising from the midline in axial images versus sagittal lines in coronal images. We found that central location defined as the inner one-third of the hemithorax by sagittal lines was associated with occult N2 disease in a crude model, but significance disappeared in the adjusted model. None of the previous studies stated that they assessed tumour centrality in the sagittal plane (i.e. measurements were mostly made in axial images [5, 7, 13] or not otherwise described). Likewise, the vast majority of physicians who participated in an online survey also chose concentric lines over sagittal lines [14]. Contact with the hilar structure was not recommended by any of the official guidelines and was only described in the online survey, yet was chosen by 29% of physicians [14]. In our study, central location defined as contact with the hilar structure was shown to be weakly associated with occult N2 disease only in unadjusted analysis.
Although recommended indications of pre-operative invasive mediastinal staging in patients with radiological N0 are not consistent among the major clinical guidelines, guidelines from the NCCN and ESTS include tumour size criterion, as well as central tumour [1, 3]. Our study also showed the strong association of tumour size and risk of occult N2 disease, as in the previous studies [5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 22]. The increasing odds of occult N2 disease per each centimetre again stresses the importance of tumour size and warrants further studies on the optimal cut-off value of tumour size in indications of invasive mediastinal staging.
There are several limitations to this study. First, it was conducted in a single referral hospital with a comprehensive cancer centre. Second, since the study population was retrospectively recruited from two separate registries, it did not include those who underwent neither surgical resection nor EBUS-TBNA (e.g. those who received stereotactic body radiotherapy or best supportive care for radiological N0 NSCLC). In these patients, occult mediastinal metastasis was usually diagnosed afterwards by image follow-up. Thus, the results of our study cannot be generalised to the whole population of patients with NSCLC and radiological N0 disease. However, using EBUS-TBNA Registry data, we included patients with radiological N0 who were confirmed to have N2 disease by EBUS-TBNA to minimise the selection bias. Third, our study determined tumour location based on the inner-most part of the tumour. Among the choices of the inner-most part, outer-most part or location of the majority of the tumour volume, about half of physicians in the online survey chose the inner-most part of the tumour [14], unlike many of the previous studies in which tumour locations were determined based on the “centre of the tumour” [5, 7, 9, 10, 13]. The exact centre of a lesion is difficult to define and it is more biologically plausible to use the inner-most part of the tumour given the direction of lymph node metastasis. Nevertheless, no pervious study has addressed this question. Fourth, although the definition of a central tumour we suggest was associated with occult N2 disease with statistical significance, the evidence is not sufficient to use this definition as an indication for invasive mediastinal staging. Considering that the scope of surgery is curative and thus it is important not to miss N2 disease, further studies on the clinical significance of false-negative results, risk of the procedure, cost-effectiveness and ultimately the effect on patients’ survival are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of this definition of a central tumour [27, 28].
Motivated by the apparent lack of uniformity in the definition of central tumour location [14], our study compared seven different definitions to find the definition most predictive of occult mediastinal metastasis. Using data from a large number of NSCLC patients without mediastinal metastasis on both CT and PET-CT, we found that central tumours defined as located in the inner one-third of the hemithorax adopted by drawing concentric lines from the midline are associated with occult mediastinal metastasis in this patient group. Our study adds to the existing body of evidence by clarifying the definition of central tumour location that is the most predictive of occult mediastinal metastasis. We suggest that this classification may constitute an indication for invasive mediastinal staging in conjunction with other known risk factors.
Supplementary material
Supplementary Material
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Supplementary material ERJ-01508-2018_Supplement
Footnotes
This article has supplementary material available from erj.ersjournals.com
Author contributions: Study conception and design: S.H. Shin, D.Y. Jeong and B-H. Jeong. Data acquisition and analysis: S.H. Shin, D.Y. Jeong J.H. Cho and Y.S. Choi. Data interpretation and manuscript writing: S.H. Shin, D.Y. Jeong and B-H. Jeong. Revision of manuscript and contribution of intellectual content: S.H. Shin, D.Y. Jeong, K.S. Lee, J.H. Cho, Y.S. Choi, K. Lee, S-W. Um, H. Kim and B-H. Jeong.
Conflict of interest: S.H. Shin has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: D.Y. Jeong has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: K.S. Lee has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: J.H. Cho has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: Y.S. Choi has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: K. Lee has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: S-W. Um has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: H. Kim has nothing to disclose.
Conflict of interest: B-H. Jeong has nothing to disclose.
- Received August 8, 2018.
- Accepted December 18, 2018.
- Copyright ©ERS 2019.
This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence 4.0.
References
