Al-Alawi [17] | 2009 | Retrospective | 208 | Conservative, ICD | None | Not stated | 42# | 0.35 |
Al-Mourgi [18] | 2015 | RCT | 22 | Conservative, surgery | Underwent surgery (19) | First | 32.4# | 0.41 |
Andersen [19] | 1965 | Retrospective | 138 | Conservative, ICD | Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (48) | First | 71# | 0.16 |
Casali [10] | 2013 | Retrospective | 176 | Conservative, ICD, | None | First | 58# | 0.46 |
Chan [12] | 2006 | Retrospective | 89 | Needle aspiration | None | First and recurrent | 12 | 0.16 |
Chen [20] | 2008 | Retrospective | 18 | ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (34) | First | 16# | 0.28 |
Chen [21] | 2008 | Retrospective | 33 | Needle aspiration, pleurodesis | Underwent pleurodesis (31) | First | 13# | 0.33 |
Chen [22] | 2013 | RCT | 108 | ICD, pleurodesis | Underwent pleurodesis (106) | First | 12 | 0.49 |
Ganesalingam [9] | 2010 | Retrospective | 100 | Conservative, ICD | None | First | 57# | 0.54 |
Harvey [23] | 1994 | RCT | 73 | Needle aspiration versus ICD | None | First | 12 | 0.21 |
Huang [24] | 2017 | Epidemiological | 10 956 | Conservative, ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (8606) | First | 60–144 | 0.24 |
Karasaki [25] | 2014 | Retrospective | 93 | HVCD | Underwent surgery (6) | First | 12.5¶ | 0.34 |
Kim [26] | 2014 | Retrospective | 55 | Conservative, ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (1) | First and recurrent | Unclear | 0.16 |
Kuan [27] | 2009 | Retrospective | 48 | Conservative, needle aspiration, ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (13); recurrent pneumothorax (21) | First | 3 | 0.08 |
Lichter [28] | 1974 | Retrospective | 24 | Conservative, ICD, surgery | Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (54); underwent surgery (18) | First | 60–144 | 0.08 |
Light [29] | 1990 | RCT | 22 | ICD, pleurodesis | Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (171); underwent tetracycline pleurodesis (19) | First and recurrent | 29.1# | 0.32 |
Martínez-Ramos [30] | 2007 | Retrospective | 55 | Conservative, ICD | None | First | 30.7# | 0.24 |
Mehta [31] | 2016 | Retrospective | 216 | ICD | None | Not stated | 14¶ | 0.13 |
Nishiuma [32] | 2012 | Retrospective | 66 | Needle aspiration | Failed needle aspiration (25) | First and recurrent | 12 | 0.36 |
Noh [33] | 2015 | Retrospective | 109 | Conservative, ICD, surgery | ≤19 years of age (328) and underwent surgery (76) | Not stated | Unclear | 0.48 |
Noh [34] | 2015 | Retrospective | 79 | Conservative, ICD | Underwent surgery (183) | Not stated | Unclear | 0.37 |
Olesen [6] | 2016 | Prospective cohort | 257 | Conservative, ICD | None | First | 43.2¶ | 0.56 |
Ouanes-Besbes [13] | 2006 | Prospective | 63 | Conservative, needle aspiration, ICD, pleurodesis, surgery | Underwent pleurodesis (16); underwent surgery (1) | First | 34# | 0.23 |
Primavesi [8] | 2016 | Retrospective | 23 | Conservative, ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (33) | First | 67¶ | 0.74 |
Sadikot [4] | 1997 | Retrospective | 153 | Conservative, needle aspiration, ICD | None | First | 54# | 0.54 |
Sayar [35] | 2014 | Prospective | 154 | ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (27) | Not stated | 30.6# | 0.14 |
Schramel [36] | 1996 | Retrospective case–control | 78 | Conservative, ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (97); no follow-up (34) | First and recurrent | 96# | 0.39 |
Tan [5] | 2017 | Retrospective | 97 | Conservative, needle aspiration, ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (176) | First | 39¶ | 0.56 |
Tulay [37] | 2015 | Retrospective | 68 | ICD, surgery | Underwent surgery (14) | First | Unclear | 0.27 |