Subjects | 3193 | 133 | 3060 | |
Demographic characteristics | | | | |
Age years | 68 (54–80) | 64.36 (52.5–78.5) | 65.01 (54–80) | 0.748 |
Male | 1877 (58.8) | 79 (59.4) | 1798 (58.8) | 0.883 |
Underweight n/N (%) | 150/2055 (7.3) | 9/89 (10.1) | 141/1966 (7.2) | 0.297 |
Obese | 510 (16) | 17 (12.8) | 493 (16.1) | 0.305 |
Respiratory past medical history | | | | |
Active lung cancer | 92 (2.9) | 5 (3.8) | 87 (2.8) | 0.536 |
Asthma | 234 (7.3) | 8 (6) | 226 (7.4) | 0.553 |
Bronchiectasis | 168 (5.3) | 31 (23.3) | 137 (4.5) | <0.001 |
Chronic aspiration | 218 (6.8) | 15 (11.3) | 203 (6.6) | 0.038 |
COPD | 834 (26.1) | 57 (42.9) | 777 (25.4) | <0.001 |
Very severe COPD (FEV1 ≤30%) | 90 (2.8) | 16 (12.0) | 74 (2.4) | <0.001 |
Current/former smoker | 1114 (34.9) | 46 (34.6) | 1068 (34.9) | 0.940 |
Interstitial lung disease | 91 (2.8) | 6 (4.5) | 85 (2.8) | 0.240 |
Obstructive sleep apnoea | 123 (3.9) | 6 (4.5) | 117 (3.8) | 0.687 |
Oxygen therapy at home | 208 (6.5) | 26 (19.5) | 182 (5.9) | <0.001 |
Lung transplantation | 7 (0.2) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (0.2) | 0.180 |
Tracheostomy | 50 (1.6) | 15 (11.3) | 35 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular past medical history | | | | |
Arrhythmia | 455 (14.2) | 20 (15) | 435 (14.2) | 0.791 |
Coronary artery disease | 526 (16.5) | 33 (24.8) | 493 (16.1) | 0.008 |
Heart failure | 418 (13.1) | 25 (18.8) | 393 (12.8) | 0.046 |
Hypertension | 1444 (45.2) | 62 (46.6) | 1382 (45.2) | 0.742 |
Stroke | 250 (7.8) | 13 (5.2) | 237 (7.7) | 0.394 |
Chronic medication | | | | |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 544 (17) | 48 (36.1) | 496 (16.2) | <0.001 |
Proton pump inhibitor | 907 (28.4) | 58 (6.4) | 849 (27.7) | <0.001 |
Statins | 670 (21) | 37 (27.8) | 633 (20.7) | 0.048 |
Steroids | 268 (8.4) | 21 (15.8) | 268 (8.4) | 0.002 |
Chronic interventions | | | | |
Enteric tube feeding | 48 (1.5) | 8 (6) | 40 (1.3) | <0.001 |
Haemodialysis | 51 (1.6) | 4 (3) | 47 (1.5) | 0.185 |
Indwelling catheter | 67 (2.1) | 11 (8.3) | 56 (1.8) | <0.001 |
Immunosuppressive conditions | | | | |
Active solid tumour | 245 (7.7) | 11 (4.5) | 234 (7.6) | 0.791 |
AIDS | 57 (1.8) | 1 (0.8) | 56 (1.8) | 0.358 |
Aplastic anaemia | 13 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 13 (0.4) | 0.451 |
Asplenia | 12 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 12 (0.4) | 0.469 |
Biological drug use | 35 (1.1) | 3 (2.3) | 32 (1) | 0.190 |
Chemotherapy in the past 3 months | 134 (4.2) | 4 (3) | 130 (4.2) | 0.485 |
Haematological malignancy | 150 (4.70) | 3 (2.3) | 147 (4.8) | 0.174 |
HIV infection | 107 (3.4) | 3 (2.3) | 104 (3.4) | 0.473 |
Immunocompromised patients | 623 (19.5) | 28 (21.1) | 595 (19.4) | 0.647 |
Neutropenia | 44 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | 43 (1.4) | 0.527 |
Other immunosuppressive condition | 125 (3.9) | 11 (8.3) | 114 (3.7) | 0.008 |
Other chronic medical conditions | | | | |
Chronic renal failure | 349 (10.9) | 15 (11.3) | 334 (10.9) | 0.895 |
Dementia | 333 (10.4) | 14 (10.5) | 319 (10.4) | 0.970 |
Diabetes mellitus | 681 (21.3) | 28 (4.1) | 653 (21.3) | 0.937 |
Liver disease | 129 (4) | 4 (3) | 125 (4.1) | 0.537 |
Malnutrition | 289 (9.1) | 20 (15) | 269 (8.8) | 0.014 |
Mental illness | 220 (0.726) | 10 (7.5) | 210 (6.9) | 0.770 |
Prosthetic material | 100 (3.1) | 2 (1.5) | 98 (3.2) | 0.271 |
Recurrent skin infections | 55 (1.7) | 4 (3.0) | 51 (1.7) | 0.245 |
Other, nonmedical conditions | | | | |
Bedridden | 353 (11.1) | 28 (21.1) | 325 (92.1) | <0.001 |
Contact sport | 5 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 5 (0.2) | 0.641 |
Healthcare worker | 44 (1.4) | 4 (3) | 40 (1.3) | 0.100 |
Homeless | 31 (1) | 0 (0) | 31 (1) | 0.243 |
Injection of illicit drugs | 37 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 36 (1.2) | 0.654 |
Living in crowded conditions | 671 (21) | 24 (18) | 647 (21.1) | 0.391 |
Nursing home resident | 258 (8.1) | 18 (13.5) | 240 (7.8) | 0.018 |
Worker in livestock meat industry | 29 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 29 (0.9) | 0.259 |
Previous infection/colonisation | | | | |
Prior MRSA infection/colonisation | 81 (2.5) | 10 (7.5) | 71 (2.3) | <0.001 |
Prior ESBL-producing bacterial infection | 54 (1.7) | 5 (3.8) | 49 (1.6) | 0.059 |
Prior Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection/colonisation | 96 (3) | 44 (33.1) | 52 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Prior healthcare exposure (during the past 12 months) | | | | |
Antibiotic infusion at home | 140 (4.4) | 12 (9) | 128 (4.2) | 0.008 |
Emergency room admission | 972 (30.4) | 63 (47.4) | 909 (29.7) | <0.001 |
Hospitalisations | 1026 (32.1) | 70 (52.6) | 956 (31.2) | <0.001 |
Intravenous antibiotics | 812 (25.4) | 64 (48.1) | 748 (24.4) | <0.001 |
LRTI | 928 (29.1) | 66 (49.6) | 862 (28.5) | <0.001 |
Oral antibiotics | 1219 (38.2) | 77 (57.9) | 1142 (37.3) | <0.001 |
Pneumonia severity | | | | |
Invasive respiratory or vasopressor support | 404 (12.7) | 34 (25.6) | 370 (12.1) | <0.001 |
ICU admission | 599 (18.8) | 43 (32.3) | 556 (18.2) | <0.001 |
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 334 (10.5) | 15 (11.3) | 319 (10.4) | 0.753 |