Increased respiratory mortality |
Increased incidence of malignancies of the respiratory tract |
Increased incidence, prevalence or frequency of exacerbations in chronic pulmonary disease: asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis |
Increased incidence or severity of upper and lower respiratory tract infections |
Increased respiratory symptoms that affect quality of life: cough, phlegm, wheezing, dyspnoea and nasal drainage |
Increased incidence of preterm birth, low birthweight or growth restriction leading to adverse respiratory outcomes |
Reduced growth of lung function in children |
Transient (hours) reductions in lung function associated with symptoms in healthy individuals Transient (hours) reductions in lung function without symptoms in especially susceptible individuals (e.g. children with severe asthma) |
Persistent or chronic (weeks, months or years) reductions in lung function |