Subjects n | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Demographics and lung function | | | |
Male/female % | 50/50 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Age years | 57.0±7.0 | 54.0±6.2 | 59.2±5.3+ |
Body mass index kg·m−2 | 25.9±3.7 | 24.3±3.1 | 25.3±4.1 |
Smoking history pack-years | NA | 35.2±12 | 38.0±11 |
Current smoking | NA | 17.8±7 | 16.4±6¶ |
FEV1 % predicted | 118±13 | 109±12## | 79±12§§§,+++ |
FEV1 Z-score | 0.9 (−1.3–2.5) | 0.2 (−1.1–1.9)### | −1.7 (−3.5–−0.5)§§§,+++ |
FEV1/FVC | 0.82 | 0.78 | 0.61§§§,+++ |
FEV1/FVC Z-score | 0.3 (−1.5–2.6) | −0.1 (−1.3–1.4)## | −2.3 (−4,2–−0.8)§§§,+++ |
TLC % predicted | 106±10.7 | 107±11.1 | 108±14.6 |
TLC Z-score | 0.4 (−1.0–2.3) | 0.4± (−1.5–1.7) | 0.5 (−1.4–2.4) |
RV % predicted | 102±25 | 113±23 | 138±34+++,§§§ |
RV Z-score | 0.1 (1.0–2.6)+++,§§§ | 0.8 (−1.4–2.4) | 0.8 (−0.7–2.7) |
TLCO % predicted | 91±11 | 78±12### | 67±13+++,§§§ |
TLCO Z-score | −0.6 (−2.2–1.4)+++,### | −1.6 (−4.6–0.37) | −2.3 (−4.0–0.7)+++,§§§ |
Quantitative computed tomography | | | |
Mean lung attenuation at expiration HU | −776±40 | −756±45# | −809±39+++,§§§ |
Mean lung attenuation at inspiration HU | −874±20 | −857±28###,+++ | −876±17 |
E/I ratio | 0.89±0.04 | 0.88±0.05 | 0.93±0.05+++,§§§ |
LA-950 at inspiration | 27.4±6.2 | 21.3±6.6###,+++ | 27.6±6.8 |
Morphological (computed tomography) |
Emphysema | 0 (0) | 22 (55)### | 32 (80)§§§ |
Regional air-trapping | 18 (45) | 25 (63) | 3 (8)+++,§§§ |
Bronchial wall thickening | 5 (12) | 30 (75)### | 32 (80)§§§ |
Nodules larger than 3 mm | 15 (38) | 21 (52) | 23 (58) |
Micronodules | 0 | 23 (58)### | 15 (38)+,§§§ |