Curetis Unyvero system (P50 pneumonia) [42] | Bacterial/fungal pathogens (18 types) Antibiotic resistance markers (22 types) | Multiplex-PCR (cartridge system) | 81/99 | Potential for accurate and timely detection of pathogens and their resistance in severe pneumonia | 4 h/€280–300 | Sputum BAL BAS |
Gene Xpert MRSA/SA [43, 44] | MRSA MSSA | Multiplex-PCR | 99/72 | Rapid, accurate tool for detecting MRSA and MSSA in blood and respiratory samples | 1 h/€40 | Blood Nasal swabs |
MALDI-TOF MS [45, 46, 47] | Microorganisms (200 types) | MS Identification directly from bacterial/fungal colonies | 99–100/97–100 | Rapid identification of microorganisms in BAL was associated with adjustment of antibiotic therapy and a shorter ICU stay for ventilated patients with pneumonia Detects certain types of antibiotic resistance mechanisms | 30 s–1 min/
€0.50–1.00 | Colonies Positive blood cultures Direct samples (e.g. urine) |
Gene Xpert Flu Assay [48] | Influenza A/B (A/2009 H1) | Multiplex-PCR | 97–100/100 | Rapid identification of influenza virus in outbreaks | 1 h/€40 | Nasopharyngeal swabs Nasal aspirates Nasal washes |
Gene Xpert Flu/RSV Assay [48] | Influenza A/B/RSV | Multiplex-PCR | 97–100/100 | Rapid identification of influenza virus in outbreaks | 1 h/€40 | Nasopharyngeal swabs Nasal aspirates Nasal washes |
eSensor Respiratory Viral Panel [49] | Influenza A/B (seasonal H1, H3, 2009 H1) RSV A/B Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3 Human metapneumovirus Rhinovirus Adenovirus B/E/C | Multiplex-PCR | 98–99/99 | Rapid identification of respiratory viruses Co-infection detection | 8 h/no data | Nasopharyngeal swabs |
FilmArray Respiratory Panel [50, 51] | Adenovirus Coronavirus 229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1 Metapneumovirus Influenza A, H3, H1, 2009 H1 Parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, 4, RSV Rhinovirus/enterovirus Bordetella pertussis M. pneumoniae C. pneumoniae | Nucleic acid purification, reverse transcription, high-order nested multiplex-PCR and DNA melting curve analysis (unprocessed biological/clinical sample needed) | 84–100/98–100 | Detection of several respiratory pathogens in one test Significant impact on the care of patients with respiratory infections | 1 h/€100–120 | Nasopharyngeal swabs |