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Accelerating tuberculosis elimination in low-incidence settings: the role of genomics

Jennifer L. Guthrie, Jennifer L. Gardy
European Respiratory Journal 2015 46: 1840-1841; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00788-2015
Jennifer L. Guthrie
1School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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  • For correspondence: jennifer.guthrie@alumni.ubc.ca
Jennifer L. Gardy
1School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
2Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, BC, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract

Genomics can aid TB elimination in low-incidence settings via enhanced epidemiology and rapid resistance prediction http://ow.ly/TkPWS

To the Editor:

In a recent European Respiratory Journal article, Lönnroth et al. [1] proposed a framework to accelerate progress towards tuberculosis (TB) elimination in low-incidence settings. In it, they outline eight priority areas and multiple interventions that align with the World Health Organization's post-2015 global TB strategy [2]. We applaud this framework and the recognition that elimination in low-incidence countries is a unique problem, where infection occurs amongst the most difficult-to-reach individuals. Although “new research and tools” is one of the framework's areas, it overlooks an important new technology that is changing our understanding of TB and our approaches to diagnosis, phenotyping, and treatment – whole genome sequencing (WGS) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from cases of active TB [3, 4].

In contrast to genotyping, which interrogates ∼0.5% of the MTB genome, WGS reads the entire 4.4 Mbp of sequence; with current sequencing technologies this can be done in under a day at a cost of ∼$50–100 per genome [5]. Many federal public health agencies have invested substantially in genomics and are using it routinely in medical microbiology [6], with TB representing the ideal use case. The MTB genome is uncomplicated (the global population of MTB is clonal and the genome comprises a single chromosome in which variations arise through point mutations) facilitating downstream bioinformatics analyses, such as prediction of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. Additionally, most TB diagnostic work is performed in well-equipped reference laboratories, where centralisation permits integrating WGS data with the data streams necessary for diagnosis, surveillance, outbreak management and research, and where the need for accredited operating procedures is accelerating the standardisation of TB genomics protocols; Public Heath England is already using WGS routinely alongside its traditional mycobacteriology laboratory pipeline in its Birmingham Public Health laboratory [6].

There are many areas of the framework in which WGS is poised to support efforts in TB elimination. First, WGS is able to resolve TB transmission dynamics, including individual transmission events, to a degree not possible with traditional genotyping. This genomic epidemiology approach has been used to reconstruct single transmission events, local outbreaks and regional epidemics [4], and is providing insights into both patterns of spread and characteristics of transmitters. Genomic epidemiology speaks to several priority-action areas. Unlike genotyping, which simply clusters active cases, WGS can elucidate the order and direction of transmission, revealing common trends in TB outbreaks and identifying those individuals who are transmitting disease and those who aren't. This directly informs the framework's goals of describing local patterns of transmission amongst vulnerable populations and identifying individuals most at risk for transmitting disease (areas 2 and 3); it also enables us to prioritise contacts of these key transmitters for screening (area 4). Additionally, real-time WGS of specimens from new TB cases provides a core indicator of ongoing transmission for surveillance (area 6).

Another priority area is the prevention and care of drug-resistant TB (area 5), for which phenotypic methods are the current gold standard. These methods are culture dependent and have turnaround times (TATs) of weeks to months; even rapid molecular methods with TATs of hours, such as the Cepheid GeneXpert (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and line probe assays, are limited to detecting only a handful of known resistance mutations. As much as one third of isoniazid resistance cannot be explained by these canonical mutations [7], and no commercially available test can probe resistance to all anti-tuberculous drugs. WGS, in contrast, interrogates the entire genome, identifying resistance-associated mutations within hours to days [8], and optimising the prescription of appropriate treatment and supporting rational drug use (area 1). Although this requires a comprehensive database of well-described resistance-associated mutations, several such efforts are underway and more mutations are likely to be described as ever increasing numbers of isolates are sequenced.

There are other, less obvious, benefits to incorporating WGS into the routine diagnosis, management and surveillance of TB in low-incidence settings. Chief amongst these is that just as early MTB genomic efforts led to new molecular diagnostic tools based on a handful of sequenced genomes [9], the generation and sharing of thousands of MTB genomes will likely lead to new molecular tools for use in higher-incidence settings. Genomics is stimulating TB research and reinvigorating a community that has experienced de-prioritisation (area 1), potentially leading to renewed political interest in TB control and the specialised training and creation of central repositories. In addition collaborative efforts, necessary to deploy WGS in the clinical laboratory, will act to build capacity at national and international levels, which is essential for the elimination of TB in low- and high-incidence settings.

In conclusion, genomics stands to significantly enhance TB elimination efforts through direct and indirect routes. When combined with the framework's recommended interventions, we believe WGS has the potential to accelerate progress towards TB elimination in low-incidence countries, with the knowledge gained in these settings working to support the final priority action area, thereby informing TB prevention, care, and control in countries with a high burden of disease.

Footnotes

  • Conflict of interest: Disclosures can be found alongside the online version of this article at erj.ersjournals.com

  • Received May 19, 2015.
  • Accepted June 30, 2015.
  • Copyright ©ERS 2015

References

  1. ↵
    1. Lönnroth K,
    2. Migliori GB,
    3. Abubakar I, et al.
    Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 928–952.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. ↵
    World Health Organization 67th World Health Assembly. Draft global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Report No: A67/11. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67/A67_11-en.pdf
  3. ↵
    1. Wlodarska M,
    2. Johnston JC,
    3. Gardy JL, et al.
    A microbiological revolution meets an ancient disease: improving the management of tuberculosis with genomics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28: 523–539.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. ↵
    1. Galagan JE
    . Genomic insights into tuberculosis. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15: 307–320.
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  5. ↵
    1. Hodkinson BP,
    2. Grice EA
    . Next-generation sequencing: a review of technologies and tools for wound microbiome research. Adv Wound Care 2015; 4: 50–58.
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    1. Gardy J,
    2. Loman N,
    3. Underwood A, et al.
    ABPHM15 EtherPad Archive figshare. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1408783 Date last updated: May 9, 2015. Date last accessed: May 17, 2015.
  7. ↵
    1. Louw GE,
    2. Warren RM,
    3. Gey van Pittius NC, et al.
    A balancing act: efflux/influx in mycobacterial drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 3181–3189.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    1. Köser CU,
    2. Bryant JM,
    3. Becq J, et al.
    Whole-Genome Sequencing for Rapid Susceptibility Testing of M. tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 290–292.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    1. Wlodarska M,
    2. Johnston JC,
    3. Gardy JL, et al.
    A microbiological revolution meets an ancient disease: improving the management of tuberculosis with genomics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28: 523–539.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
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Accelerating tuberculosis elimination in low-incidence settings: the role of genomics
Jennifer L. Guthrie, Jennifer L. Gardy
European Respiratory Journal Dec 2015, 46 (6) 1840-1841; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00788-2015

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Accelerating tuberculosis elimination in low-incidence settings: the role of genomics
Jennifer L. Guthrie, Jennifer L. Gardy
European Respiratory Journal Dec 2015, 46 (6) 1840-1841; DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00788-2015
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