Figures
- FIGURE 1
Survival curves for mortality by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease across the four airflow limitation (AL)/asthma groups based on Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, education, smoking status and pack-years. a) Survival curves for the four groups based on airflow limitation defined as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <70%. b) Survival curves for the four groups based on airflow limitation defined as FEV1/FVC less than the lower limit of normal.
Tables
- TABLE 1 Baseline characteristics of participants across the four groups of airflow limitation (AL)# and asthma
Total AL−/asthma− AL−/asthma+ AL+/asthma− AL+/asthma+ p-value¶ Subjects 2121 (100) 1645 (78) 165 (8) 237 (11) 74 (3) Males 925 (44) 692 (42) 66 (40) 124 (52) 43 (58) 0.001 Age years 50±18 49±18 46±18 60±15 59±14 <0.001 BMI+ 0.001 Normal 18.5–25 kg·m−2 1140 (56) 902 (57) 76 (48) 129 (57) 33 (45) Underweight <18.5 kg·m−2 60 (3) 42 (3) 1 (1) 14 (6) 3 (4) Overweight 25–30 kg·m−2 694 (34) 532 (33) 60 (38) 69 (31) 33 (45) Obese ⩾30 kg·m−2 153 (7) 114 (7) 21 (13) 14 (6) 4 (5) Education for >12 years 913 (43) 733 (45) 78 (47) 78 (33) 24 (32) 0.001 Smoking status§ <0.001 Never-smoker 868 (41) 737 (45) 64 (39) 45 (19) 22 (30) Former smoker 519 (24) 357 (22) 45 (27) 85 (36) 32 (43) Current smoker 733 (35) 550 (33) 56 (34) 107 (45) 20 (27) Pack-yearsƒ 26±24 23±21 21±22 40±28 39±29 <0.001 FEV1 % predicted 93±20 98±17 89±17 73±22 59±24 <0.001 Positive skin-prick tests## 744 (36) 552 (34) 101 (64) 61 (26) 30 (43) <0.001 Eosinophilia¶¶ 135 (8) 86 (7) 18 (14) 17 (9) 14 (23) <0.001 IgE IU·mL−1++ 28 (26–30) 24 (22–26) 86 (66–111) 27 (21–33) 82 (54–125) <0.001 Self-reported COPD§§ 318 (15) 143 (9) 57 (35) 69 (30) 49 (66) <0.001 Deceased by January 1, 2011 1367 (64) 994 (60) 97 (59) 209 (88) 67 (91) <0.001 -
Data are presented as n (%), mean±sd or geometric mean (95% confidence interval), unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. #: defined as FEV1/forced vital capacity <70%; ¶: p-values are from ANOVA for continuous variables or Pearson Chi-squared test for categorical variables across the four groups; +: n=2047; §: n=2120; ƒ: only calculated among 1250 smokers; ##: n=2084; ¶¶: n=1600; ++: n=1903; §§: defined as a self-report of having been seen by a doctor for chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema (n=2111).
-
- TABLE 2 Baseline characteristics of participants across the four groups of airflow limitation (AL)# and asthma
Total AL−/asthma− AL−/asthma+ AL+/asthma− AL+/asthma+ p-value¶ Subjects 2121 (100) 1667 (79) 163 (8) 215 (10) 76 (4) Males 925 (44) 717 (43) 67 (41) 99 (46) 42 (55) 0.146 Age years 50±18 49±18 48±18 54±18 55±17 <0.001 BMI+ <0.001 Normal 18.5–25 kg·m−2 1140 (56) 905 (56) 72 (46) 126 (63) 37 (49) Underweight <18.5 kg·m−2 60 (3) 42 (3) 1 (1) 14 (7) 3 (4) Overweight 25–30 kg·m−2 694 (34) 551 (34) 66 (42) 50 (25) 27 (36) Obese ⩾30 kg·m−2 153 (7) 117 (7) 17 (11) 11 (5) 8 (11) Education for >12 years 913 (43) 738 (44) 73 (45) 73 (34) 29 (38) 0.027 Smoking status§ <0.001 Never-smoker 868 (41) 746 (45) 65 (40) 36 (17) 21 (28) Former smoker 519 (24) 374 (22) 46 (28) 68 (32) 31 (41) Current smoker 733 (35) 546 (33) 52 (32) 111 (52) 24 (32) Pack-yearsƒ 26±24 24±22 24±23 35±28 33±29 <0.001 FEV1 % predicted 93±20 98±17 89±17 72±22 60±24 <0.001 Positive skin-prick tests## 744 (36) 544 (33) 99 (63) 69 (32) 32 (44) <0.001 Eosinophilia¶¶ 135 (8) 87 (7) 17 (14) 16 (10) 15 (24) <0.001 IgE IU·mL−1++ 28 (26–30) 23 (21–25) 83 (64–108) 30 (24–38) 87 (58–132) <0.001 Self-reported COPD§§ 318 (15) 146 (9) 55 (34) 66 (31) 51 (67) <0.001 Deceased by January 1, 2011 1367 (64) 1037 (62) 103 (63) 166 (77) 61 (80) <0.001 Data are presented as n (%), mean±sd or geometric mean (95% confidence interval), unless otherwise stated. BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. #: defined as FEV1/forced vital capacity less than the lower limit of normal; ¶: p-values are from ANOVA for continuous variables or Pearson Chi-squared test for categorical variables across the four groups; +: n=2047; §: n=2120; ƒ: only calculated among 1250 smokers; ##: n=2084; ¶¶: n=1600; ++: n=1903; §§: defined as a self-report of having been seen by a doctor for chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema (n=2111).
- TABLE 3 Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality#
Model 1¶ Model 2+ Sex Male 1 1 Female 0.73 (0.65–0.82)*** 0.73 (0.65–0.82)*** Age at baseline years 1.11 (1.10–1.11)*** 1.11 (1.10–1.12)*** BMI Normal 18.5–25 kg·m−2 1 1 Underweight <18.5 kg·m−2 1.71 (1.17–2.48)* 1.69 (1.16–2.47)* Overweight 25–30 kg·m−2 0.91 (0.81–1.02) 0.91 (0.81–1.02) Obese ⩾30 kg·m−2 1.32 (1.09–1.59)* 1.31 (1.08–1.58)* Education for >12 years 0.90 (0.81–1.00)* 0.90 (0.81–1.00)* Smoking status Never-smoker 1 1 Former smoker 0.89 (0.76–1.05) 0.89 (0.76–1.04) Current smoker 1.42 (1.21–1.67)*** 1.41 (1.20–1.66)*** Pack-years 1.01 (1.01–1.01)*** 1.01 (1.01–1.01)*** AL/asthma groups AL−/asthma− 1 1 AL−/asthma+ 1.09 (0.89–1.34) 1.08 (0.89–1.31) AL+/asthma− 1.34 (1.14–1.57)*** 1.37 (1.14–1.63)* AL+/asthma+ 2.14 (1.64–2.79)*** 2.35 (1.77–3.11)*** -
Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). BMI: body mass index; AL: airflow limitation. #: n=2118; ¶: based on the definition of airflow limitation as forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <70%; +: based on the definition of airflow limitation as FEV1/FVC less than the lower limit of normal. *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.001.
-
- TABLE 4 Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality among the 310 subjects with airflow limitation (AL) at baseline#
Model 1¶ Model 2+ Sex Male 1 1 Female 0.66 (0.50–0.87)* 0.72 (0.55–0.95)* Age at baseline years 1.10 (1.08–1.12)*** 1.10 (1.09–1.12)*** BMI Normal 18.5–25 kg·m−2 1 1 Underweight <18.5 kg·m−2 2.29 (1.29–4.06)* 2.27 (1.27–4.07)* Overweight 25–30 kg·m−2 0.71 (0.54–0.93)* 0.79 (0.61–1.03) Obese ⩾30 kg·m−2 1.09 (0.61–1.96) 1.04 (0.56–1.93) Education for >12 years 0.76 (0.59–0.98)* 0.80 (0.62–1.03) Smoking status Never-smoker 1 1 Former smoker 0.99 (0.66–1.48) 1.01 (0.67–1.52) Current smoker 1.27 (0.83–1.92) 1.29 (0.86–1.94) Pack-years 1.01 (1.00–1.02)*** 1.01 (1.00–1.01)* AL/asthma groups AL+/asthma- 1 1 AL+/asthma+ 1.58 (1.17–2.12)*** 1.27 (0.94–1.73) FEV1 % predicted at baseline 0.98 (0.98–0.99)*** -
Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s. #: defined as FEV1/forced vital capacity <70%; ¶: included sex, age, BMI, education, smoking status, pack-years and asthma; +: further adjusted for FEV1% predicted. *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.001.
-
- TABLE 5 Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality among the 291 subjects with airflow limitation (AL) at baseline#
Model 1¶ Model 2+ Sex Male 1 1 Female 0.73 (0.54–0.99)* 0.81 (0.60–1.10) Age at baseline years 1.10 (1.08–1.11)*** 1.10 (1.08–1.11)*** BMI Normal 18.5–25 kg·m−2 1 1 Underweight <18.5 kg·m−2 2.48 (1.29–4.74)* 2.46 (1.30–4.65)* Overweight 25–30 kg·m−2 0.73 (0.53–1.00)* 0.80 (0.60–1.09) Obese ⩾30 kg·m−2 0.96 (0.50–1.83) 0.93 (0.47–1.84) Education for >12 years 0.70 (0.53–0.92)* 0.71 (0.53–0.94)* Smoking status Never-smoker 1 1 Former smoker 1.10 (0.70–1.71) 1.15 (0.73–1.83) Current smoker 1.22 (0.77–1.94) 1.36 (0.85–2.20) Pack-years 1.01 (1.00–1.02)* 1.01 (1.00–1.02)* AL/asthma groups AL+/asthma− 1 1 AL+/asthma+ 1.64 (1.18–2.29)* 1.30 (0.91–1.84) FEV1 % predicted at baseline 0.98 (0.97–0.99)*** -
Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s. #: defined as FEV1/forced vital capacity less than the lower limit of normal; ¶: included sex, age, BMI, education, smoking status, pack-years and asthma; +: further adjusted for FEV1% predicted. *: p<0.05; ***: p<0.001.
-
Disclosures
Files in this Data Supplement:
Supplementary material
Please note: supplementary material is not edited by the Editorial Office, and is uploaded as it has been supplied by the author.
Files in this Data Supplement:
- supplementary tables - Tables E1-E4
