Figures
- Figure 1–
Resting heart rate and severity of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Resting heart rate increase significantly with severity of COPD (p<0.001). a) Unadjusted analysis. b) Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol drinking habits, use of heart medication, use of antihypertensives, use of nitrates, previous ischaemic heart disease, electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease, previous stroke, previous diagnosis of any cancer, self-reported diabetes or fasting glucose >11.1 mmol·L−1. Data are presented as mean with error bars representing 95% CI. No COPD n = 14 051, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I n = 516, GOLD stage II n = 1564, GOLD stage III n = 457, GOLD stage IV n = 108.
- Figure 2–
Life expectancy by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage and resting heart rate.
- Figure 3–
Risk reclassification: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage versus GOLD stage with resting heart rate. Resting heart rate improves the risk prediction when added to a model with GOLD stage alone. This is shown by the greater number of subjects in the blue squares compared with the number of subjects in the red squares for both non-events and events. White squares: subjects classified in the same risk category by both models; blue squares: subjects without events reclassified into a lower risk category and subjects with events reclassified into a higher risk category after inclusion of resting heart rate to the model with GOLD stage alone; red squares: subjects without events reclassified into a higher risk category and subjects with events reclassified into a lower risk category after inclusion of resting heart rate to the model with GOLD stage alone.
- Figure 4–
Risk reclassification: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted versus FEV1 % pred with resting heart rate. Resting heart rate improves the risk prediction when added to a model with FEV1 % pred alone. This is shown by the greater number of subjects in the blue squares compared with the number of subjects in the red squares for both non-events and events. White squares: subjects classified in the same risk category by both models; blue squares: subjects without events reclassified into a lower risk category and subjects with events reclassified into a higher risk category after inclusion of resting heart rate to the model with FEV1 % pred alone; red squares: subjects without events reclassified into a higher risk category and subjects with events reclassified into a lower risk category after inclusion of resting heart rate to the model with FEV1 % pred alone.
Tables
- Table 1– Clinical characteristics of the 16 696 subjects included in the study
GOLD stage p-value No COPD I II III IV Subjects n 14051 516 1564 457 108 Male n (%) 6251 (44.5) 313 (60.7) 866 (55.4) 261 (57.1) 75 (69.4) <0.001 Age years 54±9 57±10 57±10 59±9 62±9 <0.001 Resting heart rate beats·min−1 73.4±13 72.6±12 74.6±13 77.5±13 84.9±14 <0.001 Systolic blood pressure mmHg 137±22 138±22 141±23 141±22 144±20 <0.001 Body mass index kg·m−2 25.5±4.2 24.4±3.2 25.1±4.2 25.1±4.8 24.6±5.1 0.894 FEV1 % pred 89±17 89±16 65± 8 42±6 24±5 <0.001 Sedentary physical activity 17.6 21.4 24.3 31.1 47.7 <0.001 Smoking status Never 21.9 15.6 10.9 7.3 7.5 <0.001 Former 19.2 19.9 12.9 15.4 34.9 <0.001 Current 58.9 64.5 76.2 77.3 57.5 <0.001 Daily alcohol consumption 24.3 32.5 33.6 34.4 38.3 <0.001 Cholesterol mmol·L−1 6.1±1.2 6.0±1.2 6.0±1.2 6.0±1.1 5.9±1.2 0.009 Use of heart medication 9.0 7.8 10.1 15.0 16.8 <0.001 Previous coronary heart disease 2.2 1.7 3.0 2.8 3.7 0.219 Previous stroke 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.8 0.152 Previous cancer 4.1 2.9 5.4 5.9 8.3 0.004 Diabetes 3.1 1.8 4.2 5.4 10.6 <0.001 Data are presented as mean±sd or %, unless otherwise stated. GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted.
- Table 2– Resting heart rate, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
Resting heart rate beats·min−1 <64 65–74 75–84 ≥85 All-cause mortality Univariate 1¶ 1.11 (1.05–1.17) 1.30 (1.23–1.37) 1.51 (1.42–1.60) Multivariate# 1¶ 1.16 (1.10–1.22) 1.31 (1.24–1.38) 1.51 (1.43–1.60) Cardiovascular mortality Univariate 1¶ 1.08 (1.00–1.17) 1.34 (1.24–1.45) 1.57 (1.45–1.70) Multivariate# 1¶ 1.16 (1.07–1.25) 1.36 (1.26–1.48) 1.57 (1.45–1.71) Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% CI). #: multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption habits, use of heart medication, use of antihypertensives, use of nitrates, previous ischaemic heart disease, electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemic heart disease, previous stroke, previous diagnosis of any cancer, self-reported diabetes or fasting glucose >11.1 mmol·L−1; ¶: reference.
Disclosures
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