Figures
- Figure 1–
A spline interpolation curve demonstrating the relationship between probability of doctor-diagnosed asthma and childhood body mass index (BMI). The probability was adjusted for parental education level, number of smokers at home, incense burning, active smoking, alcohol use and history of rhinitis and eczema.
Tables
- Table 1– Characteristics of 78,011 middle-school students in Taiwan from 1995 to 1996
At birth Weight g 3272.9±459.6 <3000 16009 (20.5) 3000–3499 35759 (45.9) ≥3500 26243 (33.6) Gestational age weeks 39.7±1.2 <37 1822 (2.3) 37–42 74007 (94.9) ≥42 2182 (2.8) LBW 2897 (3.7) Pre-term# 1822 (2.3) SGA 8200 (10.5) Current assessment Age yrs 13 20849 (26.7) 14 26545 (34.0) 15 25500 (32.7) 16 5117 (6.6) Height cm 159.9±7.7 Weight g 52.8±11.3 BMI 20.6±3.5 Parental education level yrs <7 18544 (23.8) 7–9 19952 (25.6) 10–12 26017 (33.4) ≥13 13498 (17.3) Number of smokers at home 0 34802 (44.6) 1 25403 (32.6) ≥2 17806 (22.8) Incense burning Yes 41427 (53.1) Active smoking Yes 1718 (2.2) Alcohol use Yes 1016 (1.3) History of rhinitis Yes 17185 (22.3) History of eczema Yes 5892 (7.6) Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%). LBW: low birthweight (denotes birthweight <2,500 g); SGA: small for gestational age; BMI: body mass index. #: pre-term denotes gestational age <37 weeks.
- Table 2– Association between sex- and age-specified z-score of childhood body mass index and respiratory outcomes
Written questionnaire Video questionnaire Ever wheeze 1.07** (1.04–1.09) 1.10** (1.06–1.13) Current wheeze 1.06* (1.01–1.11) 1.06* (1.00–1.13) Night wheeze 1.00 (0.94–1.07) 1.05* (1.01–1.10) Severe wheeze 1.03 (0.95–1.12) 1.08** (1.04–1.11) Wheeze with exercise 1.16** (1.13–1.19) 1.16** (1.14–1.19) Asthma 1.02 (0.98–1.06) Night cough 1.08** (1.05–1.10) 1.14** (1.10–1.17) Data are presented as OR (95% CI). All models were adjusted for parental education level, number of smokers at home, incense burning, active smoking, alcohol use and history of rhinitis and eczema. *: p <0.05; **: p<0.01.
- Table 3– Association between birth conditions and respiratory outcomes
Ever wheeze Current wheeze Night wheeze Severe wheeze Wheeze with exercise Asthma Night cough Written questionnaire Birthweight g <3000 1.06 (0.99–1.14) 0.97 (0.85–1.11) 1.08 (0.90–1.28) 1.12 (0.89–1.41) 1.11 (1.03–1.19) 1.17 (1.07–1.28) 1.08 (1.02–1.15) 3000–3499 ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ≥3500 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 1.00 (0.89–1.12) 1.05 (0.90–1.22) 1.23 (1.01–1.49) 1.07 (1.01–1.15) 0.97 (0.90–1.05) 1.03 (0.97–1.08) Gestational age weeks <37 1.09 (0.93–1.29) 0.97 (0.71–1.33) 1.43 (0.95–2.15) 1.40 (0.86–2.28) 1.04 (0.86–1.25) 1.15 (0.93–1.42) 1.19 (1.03–1.37) 37–42 ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ≥42 1.07 (0.92–1.24) 1.05 (0.80–1.39) 0.89 (0.61–1.31) 0.94 (0.58–1.52) 1.13 (0.96–1.33) 1.14 (0.94–1.37) 1.15 (1.01–1.31) LBW Not LBW ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. LBW 1.11 (0.97–1.27) 1.01 (0.79–1.31) 1.21 (0.87–1.69) 0.99 (0.64–1.52) 1.07 (0.92–1.24) 1.10 (0.92–1.31) 1.11 (0.99–1.25) Pre-term# Not pre-term ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. Pre-term 1.09 (0.92–1.29) 0.97 (0.71–1.32) 1.43 (0.95–2.16) 1.40 (0.86–2.28) 1.04 (0.86–1.25) 1.15 (0.93–1.42) 1.18 (1.02–1.36) SGA Not SGA ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. SGA 1.10 (1.01–1.19) 1.03 (0.88–1.20) 1.01 (0.82–1.24) 0.92 (0.70–1.21) 1.15 (1.06–1.26) 1.17 (1.05–1.30) 1.10 (1.03–1.19) Video questionnaire Birthweight g <3000 1.05 (0.96–1.14) 0.92 (0.77–1.10) 1.12 (1.00–1.25) 1.03 (0.94–1.12) 1.14 (1.07–1.21) 1.09 (1.00–1.20) 3000–3499 ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ≥3500 1.03 (0.96–1.11) 0.95 (0.82–1.10) 1.00 (0.90–1.10) 0.99 (0.92–1.07) 1.06 (1.00–1.12) 0.92 (0.85–1.00) Gestational age weeks <37 1.01 (0.82–1.25) 1.00 (0.65–1.54) 1.03 (0.77–1.36) 0.99 (0.80–1.21) 1.12 (0.97–1.31) 1.09 (0.87–1.36) 37–42 ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ≥42 1.09 (0.91–1.30) 1.38 (0.93–2.03) 1.09 (0.86–1.39) 1.00 (0.84–1.20) 1.01 (0.88–1.16) 1.15 (0.95–1.39) LBW Not LBW ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. LBW 1.07 (0.90–1.26) 0.98 (0.70–1.38) 1.12 (0.90–1.40) 1.00 (0.84–1.18) 1.16 (1.02–1.30) 1.23 (1.04–1.46) Pre-term# Not pre-term ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. Pre-term 1.01 (0.82–1.25) 0.99 (0.64–1.52) 1.02 (0.77–1.36) 0.99 (0.80–1.21) 1.12 (0.97–1.31) 1.08 (0.87–1.35) SGA Not SGA ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. SGA 1.09 (0.98–1.21) 1.00 (0.81–1.24) 1.17 (1.02–1.34) 1.08 (0.98–1.20) 1.16 (1.08–1.25) 1.19 (1.07–1.32) Data are presented as OR (95% CI). LBW: low birthweight (denotes birth weight <2,500 g); SGA: small for gestational age; ref.: reference group. #: pre-term denotes gestational age <37 weeks. All models were adjusted for parental education level, number of smokers at home, incense burning, active smoking, alcohol use and history of rhinitis and eczema.
- Table 4– Effects of low birthweight (LBW)# and sex- and age-specified z-score of childhood body mass index on respiratory outcomes
Written questionnaire Video questionnaire Ever wheeze LBW 0.97 (0.84–1.11) 1.02 (0.86–1.20) Not LBW 1.07** (1.04–1.10) 1.10** (1.06– 1.13) Current wheeze LBW 1.13 (0.85–1.51) 1.04 (0.71–1.53) Not LBW 1.06* (1.01–1.11) 1.07* (1.00–1.14) Night wheeze LBW 1.01 (0.68–1.50) 0.96 (0.76–1.20) Not LBW 1.01 (0.95–1.08) 1.06* (1.01–1.10) Severe wheeze LBW 0.72 (0.43–1.22) 0.85 (0.71–1.02) Not LBW 1.04 (0.96–1.13) 1.09** (1.05–1.12) Wheeze with exercise LBW 1.05 (0.91–1.21) 1.13* (1.01–1.27) Not LBW 1.16** (1.13–1.19) 1.17** (1.14–1.19) Asthma LBW 0.96 (0.81–1.15) Not LBW 1.02 (0.99–1.06) Night cough LBW 1.12* (1.00–1.26) 1.13 (0.96–1.33) Not LBW 1.08** (1.05–1.10) 1.14** (1.10–1.18) Data are presented as OR (95% CI). #: birthweight <2,500 g. All models were adjusted for parental education level, number of smokers at home, incense burning, active smoking, alcohol use and history of rhinitis and eczema. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
- Table 5– Effects of pre-term# and sex- and age-specified z-score of body mass index on respiratory outcomes
Written questionnaire Video questionnaire Ever wheeze Pre-term 0.95 (0.80–1.12) 0.95 (0.76–1.18) Not pre-term 1.07** (1.04–1.10) 1.10** (1.07–1.13) Current wheeze Pre-term 1.08 (0.76–1.54) 0.89 (0.53–1.49) Not pre-term 1.06* (1.01–1.11) 1.07* (1.00–1.14) Night wheeze Pre-term 0.82 (0.52–1.30) 0.94 (0.70–1.27) Not pre-term 1.01 (0.95–1.08) 1.05* (1.01–1.10) Severe wheeze Pre-term 0.96 (0.54–1.70) 0.93 (0.74–1.15) Not pre-term 1.03 (0.95–1.12) 1.08** (1.05–1.11) Wheeze with exercise Pre-term 1.05 (0.87–1.25) 1.12 (0.97–1.29) Not pre-term 1.16** (1.13–1.19) 1.17** (1.14–1.19) Asthma Pre-term 0.90 (0.72–1.14) Not pre-term 1.02 (0.99–1.06) Night cough Pre-term 1.02 (0.89–1.17) 1.26* (1.04–1.54) Not pre-term 1.08** (1.05–1.10) 1.13** (1.10–1.17) Data are presented as OR (95% CI). All models were adjusted for parental education level, number of smokers at home, incense burning, active smoking, alcohol use and history of rhinitis and eczema. #: pre-term denotes gestational age <37 weeks. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
- Table 6– Effects of being small for gestational age (SGA) and sex- and age-specified z-score of childhood body mass index on respiratory outcomes
Written questionnaire Video questionnaire Ever wheeze SGA 1.06 (0.98–1.15) 1.06 (0.96–1.17) Not SGA 1.07** (1.04–1.10) 1.10** (1.07–1.14) Current wheeze SGA 1.08 (0.92–1.26) 1.04 (0.84–1.29) Not SGA 1.06* (1.00–1.11) 1.07* (1.00–1.14) Night wheeze SGA 0.94 (0.77–1.15) 0.96 (0.84–1.10) Not SGA 1.01 (0.95–1.08) 1.07** (1.02–1.12) Severe wheeze SGA 0.91 (0.69–1.19) 1.02 (0.93–1.13) Not SGA 1.04 (0.96–1.14) 1.09** (1.05–1.12) Wheeze with exercise SGA 1.11* (1.02–1.20) 1.15** (1.07–1.23) Not SGA 1.16** (1.13–1.20) 1.17** (1.14–1.20 Asthma SGA 1.01 (0.91–1.13) Not SGA 1.02 (0.99–1.06) Night cough SGA 1.08* (1.01–1.16) 1.09 (0.99–1.20) Not SGA 1.08** (1.05–1.10) 1.14** (1.11–1.18) Data are presented as OR (95% CI). All models were adjusted for parental education level, number of smokers at home, incense burning, active smoking, alcohol use and history of rhinitis and eczema. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
Supplementary material
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Files in this Data Supplement:
- Table S1 - Association between birth conditions and sex- and age- specified z-score of childhood BMI
