Tables
- Table 1– Clinical characteristics of the study population stratified according to the presence or absence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Variable COPD Non-COPD p-value Subjects n 212 1167 Age yrs 73.4±8.8 69.4±17.9 0.49 Males 191 (90.1) 635 (54.4) <0.01 Nursing home resident 12 (5.7) 118 (10.2) 0.04 ICU admission 21 (9.9) 125 (10.7) 0.73 Mechanical ventilation 10 (4.7) 61 (5.2) 0.76 Noninvasive mechanical ventilation 16 (7.5) 45 (3.9) 0.02 PSI 118.3±34.1 108.5±36.9 <0.01 PSI classes IV+V 159 (75.4) 769 (65.9) 0.01 CURB-65 ≥3 55 (27.5) 286 (25.7) 0.60 Comorbid conditions Heart failure 56 (26.4) 267 (23.0) 0.28 Chronic liver disease 12 (5.7) 48 (4.1) 0.32 Malignancy 28 (13.2) 66 (5.7) <0.01 Renal failure 19 (9.0) 78 (6.7) 0.24 Neurological disease 46 (21.7) 318 (27.2) 0.09 Diabetes mellitus 55 (25.9) 234 (20.2) 0.06 Pneumonia during previous year 71 (33.8) 198 (17.5) <0.01 COPD severity Mild 13 (6.1) Moderate 78 (36.8) Severe 98 (46.2) Very severe 23 (10.8) History of smoking# 202 (95.3) 568 (48.7) <0.01 History of alcohol¶ 63 (34.2) 197 (17.9) <0.01 Previous antibiotic in the last month 76 (37.1) 322 (28.3) 0.01 Previous ICS therapy 137 (64.9) 148 (12.9) <0.01 Previous oral corticoid therapy 27 (12.9) 49 (4.2) <0.01 Physical and laboratory data FEV1 % pred 47.7±16.3 Confusion 51 (24.2) 326 (28.1) 0.24 Respiratory rate >30 breaths·min−1 89 (43.4) 385 (34.4) 0.01 Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg 9 (4.3) 61 (5.3) 0.56 Heart rate >120 beats·min−1 27 (12.8) 161 (13.9) 0.67 Fever 157 (75.1) 960 (82.9) 0.01 Temperature >39°C 18 (8.5) 148 (12.8) 0.08 Pa,O2/FI,O2 <250 270.4±67.6 287.8±72.3 <0.01 CRP mg·dL−1 17.4±12.3 20.5±17.6 <0.01 Data are presented as mean±sd or n (%), unless otherwise stated. p-values in bold indicate statistical significance. ICU: intensive care unit; PSI: Pneumonia Severity Index; CURB-65: confusion of new onset, urea >7 mmol·L−1, respiratory rate of ≥30 breaths·min−1, blood pressure <90 mmHg systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≤60 mmHg, and age ≥65 yrs; ICS: inhaled carticosteroid; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; FI,O2: inspiratory oxygen fraction; CRP: C-reactive protein. #: includes former and current smoking habit; ¶: includes former and current alcohol habit.
- Table 2– Microbiological diagnosis according to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Microorganisms COPD Non-COPD p-value Subjects n 212 1167 No diagnosis 117 (55.2) 630 (54.0) 0.74 Diagnosis 95 (44.8) 537 (46.0) Streptococcus pneumoniae 36 (37.9) 230 (42.8) 0.37 Virus spp.# 13 (13.7) 67 (12.5) 0.74 Legionella pneumophila 2 (2.1) 42 (7.8) 0.04 Staphylococcus aureus 0 (0.0) 17 (3.2) 0.08 Chlamydophila pneumoniae 2 (2.1) 22 (4.1) 0.35 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 2 (2.1) 18 (3.4) 0.52 Haemophilus influenzae 1 (1.1) 12 (2.2) 0.45 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7 (7.4) 5 (0.9) <0.01 Klebsiella pneumoniae 0 (0.0) 5 (0.9) 1.00 Moraxella catarrhalis 0 (0.0) 2 (0.4) 1.00 Escherichia coli 2 (2.1) 7 (1.3) 0.54 Others 12 (12.6) 42 (7.8) 0.12 Polymicrobial pneumonia¶ 18 (18.9) 68 (12.7) 0.10 Data are presented as n (%), unless otherwise stated. p-values in bold indicate statistical significance. #: influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. ¶: two microorganisms were found in 16 patients and three microorganisms were found in two patients in the COPD group; two microorganisms were found in 61 patients and three microorganisms were found in seven patients in the non-COPD group.
- Table 3– Complications and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Variable COPD Non-COPD p-value Subjects n 212 1167 Systemic complications 25 (14.3) 190 (18.6) 0.17 Pulmonary complications 24 (14.0) 241 (23.6) 0.01 Acute respiratory distress 1 (0.6) 23 (2.3) 0.15 Empyema 0 (0.0) 41 (4.0) 0.01 Pleural effusion 19 (11.0) 168 (16.5) 0.07 Septic shock 4 (2.3) 42 (4.1) 0.34 LOS days 10.2±8.8 10.3±9.5 0.49 Mortality 9 (4.2) 81 (7.0) 0.14 Data are presented as n (%) or mean±sd, unless otherwise indicated. p-values in bold indicate statistical significance. LOS: length of hospital stay.
- Table 4– Significant predictors of 30-day mortality from community-acquired pneumonia at univariate and multivariate analysis
Variable Univariate Multivariate# OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value ICU admission 2.3 (1.3–3.9) <0.01 Smoking 0.58 (0.38–0.89) 0.01 0.51 (0.32–0.83) 0.01 Alcohol 0.54 (0.27–1.05) 0.07 PSI classes IV+V 23.6 (5.8–96.1) <0.01 25.4 (3.5–187.3) <0.01 CURB-65 ≥3 4.7 (2.9–7.4) <0.01 2.5 (1.6–4.1) <0.01 Mechanical ventilation 5.3 (2.9–9.6) <0.01 4.2 (2.2–8.2) <0.01 Shock 3.8 (2.1–6.8) <0.01 Multilobar involvement 1.7 (1.1–2.7) 0.01 Systemic corticosteroids 2.3 (1.4–3.6) <0.01 LOS days (+1) 1.02 (1.00–1.03) 0.04 p-values in bold indicate statistical significantce. ICU: intensive care unit; PSI: Pneumonia Severity Index; CURB-65: confusion of new onset, urea >7 mmol·L−1, respiratory rate of ≥30 breaths·min−1, blood pressure <90 mmHg systolic or diastolic blood pressure ≤60 mmHg, and aged ≥65 yrs; LOS: length of hospital stay. #: Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, p=0.36.
Additional Files
Supplementary material
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplementary tables -
TABLE 1. Clinical characteristics of the study population
TABLE 2. Predictors of pulmonary complications at univariate and multivariate analysis
TABLE 3. Predictors of systemic complications at univariate and multivariate analysis
- Supplementary tables -
